2.1 Context

The Internet of Things is a large concept with multiple definitions. However, the main definitions are the same in every vision and could be summed up as follows: Imagine a world where every object has the capacity to communicate with its environment. Everything can be both analogue and digitally approached - reformulates our relationship with objects - things - as well as the objects themselves. Any object relates not only to you, but also to other objects, relations or values in a database. In this world, you are no longer alone, anywhere. (Internet of Things council).

Future Ubiquitous Networks (FUN) are part of the Internet of Things. They are composed of tens to thousands heterogeneous hardware-constrained devices that interact with our environment and the physical world. These devices have limited resources in terms of storage and computing capacities and energy. They communicate through unreliable and unpredictable short-range wireless links and run on batteries that are not envisaged to be changed in current systems since generally deployed in hostile environments. Providing FUNs with energy saving protocols is thus a key issue. Due to these specific features, any centralized control is not conceivable, the new generation of FUNs must be autonomous, self-organized and dynamically adapting to their environment. The devices that compose CPNs can be sensors, small robots, RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) readers or tags.

Objects or things can now communicate with their environment through the use for instance of an RFID tag that provides them a unique identifier (ID) and a way to communicate through radio waves.

In the case of a simple passive RFID tag, the thing only embeds a tag equipped with an antenna and some memory. To communicate, it needs to be powered by the electromagnetic field of an RFID reader. This reader may then broadcast the information read on tag over a network.

When this tag is equipped with a battery, it is now able to communicate with nearby things similar to itself that may relay its message. Tags can also be equipped with additional capacity and sensors (for light, temperature, etc.). The Internet of Things can thus now refer to a wireless sensor network in which each sensor sends the data it collects over its environment and then sends it to a sink, i.e. a special sensor node able to analyze those data. In every case, RFID tags or sensor nodes can be moved unexpectedly like hold by moving things or animals. We speak then about `undergone mobility'.

So far, things can thus communicate information about their environment. But when the capacity of sensors is extended even further, they can also act on their environment (for instance, the detection of an event (fire) may trigger an action like switching the light or fire hoses on). Sensor nodes become actuators. When this extended capacity is the faculty to move, actuators are also referred as actors or robots. In this latter case, the mobility is computed on purpose, we then speak about `controlled mobility'. Actuators are not moved but move by themselves.

The FUN research group aims to focus on self-organizing techniques for these heterogeneous Future Ubiquitous Networks (FUNs). FUNs need various self-organization techniques to work properly. Self-organization encompasses neighbor discovery (with what other devices a sensor/actuator can communicate directly?), communication, self-deployment, self-localization, activity scheduling (when to wake up, when to send data to save energy without being detrimental to the well behavior of the network, etc.)...

Solutions provided by FUN should facilitate the use of FUNs and rub away heterogeneity and difficulties. These techniques should be scalable, energy-aware, standard-compliant, should manage undergone mobility and take advantage of controlled mobility when available  60.

Solutions provided by FUN will consider vagaries of the realistic wireless environment by integrating cross-layer techniques in their design.

2.2 Motivation

To date, many self-organizing techniques for wireless sensor networks and mobile ad hoc networks are proposed in the literature and also by the FUN research group. Some of them are very efficient for routing  48, discovering neighborhood  52, 53, scheduling activity and coverage  50, localization  39, 43, 62 etc. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, most of them have not been validated by experimentation, only by simulation and thus cannot consider the real impact of the wireless links and real node mobility in different environments. In addition, some of them rely on assumptions that are known not to be true in realistic networks such as the fact that the transmission range of a node is a perfect disk. Other may perform well only when nodes are static. None of them considers to take advantage of controlled mobility to enhance performances. Similarly, many propositions arise regarding self-organization in RFID networks, mainly at the middleware level  49, 70 and at the MAC layer level  56. Although these latter propositions are generally experimented, they are validated only in static environments with very few tags and readers. To fit realistic features, such algorithms should also be evaluated with regards to scalability and mobility.

RFID and sensor/actor technologies have not been merged. Though, RFID readers may now be mobile and communicate in a wireless peer-to-peer manner either with other RFID readers or wireless sensor nodes and all belong to the same network. This implies a study of the standards to allow inter-dependencies in a transparent manner. Although such works have been initiated inside EPC Global working groups, research actions remain scarce.

FUN research group aims at filling this scientific gap by proposing self-stabilizing solutions, considering vagaries of wireless links, node mobility and heterogeneity of nodes in compliance with current standards. Validation by experimentation is mandatory to prove the effectiveness of proposed techniques in realistic environments.

FUN will investigate new protocols and communication paradigms that allow the transparent merging of technologies. Objects and events might interconnect while respecting on-going standards and building an autonomic and smart network being compliant with hardware resources and environment. FUN expects to rub away the difficulty of use and programmability of such networks by unifying the different technologies. In addition, FUN does not only expect to validate the proposed solutions through experimentation, but also to learn from these experiments and from the observation of the impact of the wireless environment, to take these features into consideration in the design of future solutions.

3.1 Introduction

We will focus on wireless ubiquitous networks that rely on constrained devices, i.e. with limited resources in terms of storage and computing capacities. They can be sensors, small robots, RFID readers or tags. A wireless sensor retrieves a physical measure such as light. A wireless robot is a wireless sensor that in addition has the ability to move by itself in a controlled way. A drone is a robot with the ability to manoeuvre in 3D (in the air or in the water). RFID tags are passive items that embed a unique identifier for a place or an object allowing accurate traceability. They can communicate only in the vicinity of an RFID reader. An RFID reader can be seen as a special kind of sensor in the network which data is the one read on tags. These devices may run on batteries that are not envisaged to be changed or recharged. These networks may be composed of ten to thousands of such heterogeneous devices for which energy is a key issue.

Today, most of these networks are homogeneous, i.e. composed of only one kind of devices. They have mainly been studied in application and technology silos. Because of this, they are approaching fundamental limitations especially in terms of topology deployment, management and communications, while exploiting the complementarity of heterogeneous devices and communication technologies would enlarge their capacities and the set of applications. Finally, these networks must work efficiently even in dynamic and realistic situations, i.e. they must consider by design the different dynamic parameters and automatically self-adapt to their variations.

Our overall goal is represented by Figure 1. We will investigate wireless ubiquitous IoT services for constrained devices by smartly combining different frequency bands and different medium access and routing techniques over heterogeneous devices in a distributed and opportunistic fashion. Our approach will always deal with hardware constraints and take care of security and energy issues to provide protocols that ride on synergy and self-organization between devices.

To realize the full potential of these ubiquitous networks, there is a need to provide them with a set of tools that allow them to (i) (self-)deploy, (ii) self-organize, (iii) discover and locate each other, resources and services and (iv) communicate. These tools will be the basics for enabling cooperation, co-existence and witnessing a global efficient behavior. The deployment of these mechanisms is challenging since it should be achieved in spite of several limitations. The main difficulties are to provide such protocols in a secured and energy-efficient fashion in spite of:

• dynamic topology changes due to various factors such as the unreliability of the wireless medium, the wireless interferences between devices, node mobility and energy saving mechanisms;
• hardware constraints in terms of CPU and memory capacities that limit the operations and data each node can perform/collect;
• lacks of interoperability between applicative, hardware and technological silos that may prevent from data exchange between different devices.

Objectives and methodology

To reach our overall goal, we will pursue the two following objectives. These two objectives are orthogonal and can be carried on jointly:

1. Providing realistic complete self-organizing tools e.g. vertical perspective.
2. Going to heterogeneous energy-efficient performing wireless networks e.g. horizontal perspective.

We give more details on these two objectives below. To achieve our main objectives, we will mainly apply the methodology depicted in Figure 2 combining both theoretical analysis and experimental validation. Mathematical tools will allow us to properly dimension a problem, formally define its limitations and needs to provide suitable protocols in response. Then, they will allow us to qualify the outcome solutions before we validate and stress them in real scenarios with regards to applications requirements. For this, we will realize proofs-of-concept with real scenarios and real devices. Differences between results and expectations will be analyzed in return in order to well understand them and integrate them by design for a better protocol self-adaptation capability.

3.2 Vertical Perspective

As mentioned, future ubiquitous networks evolve in dynamic and unpredictable environments. Also, they can be used in a large scope of applications that have several expectations in terms of performance and different contextual limitations. In this heterogeneous context, IoT devices must support multiple applications and relay traffic with non-deterministic pattern.

To make our solutions practical and efficient in real conditions, we will adopt the dual approach both top-down and bottom-up. The top-down approach will ensure that we consider the application (such as throughput, delay, energy consumption, etc.) and environmental limitations (such as deployment constraints, etc.). The bottom-up approach will ensure that we take account of the physical and hardware characteristics such as memory, CPU, energy capacities but also physical interferences and obstacles. With this integrated perpective, we will be in capacity to design well adapted cross-layer integrated protocols 72. We will design jointly routing and MAC layers by taking dynamics occurring at the physical layer into account with a constant concern for energy and security. We will investigate new adaptive frequency hopping techniques combined with routing protocols 47, 72.

This vision will also allow us to integrate external factors by design in our protocols, in an opportunistic way. Yet, we will leverage on the occurrence of any of these phenomena rather than perceiving them as obstacles or limitations. As an example, we will rely on node undergone mobility to enhance routing performance as we have started to investigate in 38, 63. On the same idea, when specific features are available like controlled mobility, we will exploit it to improve connectivity or coverage quality like in 51, 59, 58.

3.3 Horizontal perspective

We aim at designing efficient tools for a plethora of wireless devices supporting highly heterogeneous technologies. We will thus investigate these networks from a horizontal perspective, e.g. by considering heterogeneity in low level communications layers.

Given the spectrum scarcity, they will probably need to coexist in the same frequency bands and sometimes for different purposes (RFID tag reading may use the same frequency bands as the wireless sensors). One important aspect to consider in this setting is how these different access technologies will interact with each other, and what are the mechanisms needed to be put in place to guarantee that all services obtain the required share of resources when needed. This problem appears in different application domains, ranging from traffic offloading to unlicensed bands by cellular networks and the need to coexist with WiFi and radars, from a scenario in which multiple-purpose IoT clouds coexist in a city 67. We will thus explore the dynamics of these interactions and devise ways to ensure smooth coexistence while considering the heterogeneity of the devices involved, the access mechanisms used as well as the requirements of the services provided.

To face the spectrum scarcity, we will also investigate new alternative communication paradigms such as phonon-based or light-based communications as we have initiated in 42 and we will work on the coexistence of these technologies with traditional communication techniques, specifically by investigating efficient switching techniques from one communication technology to the other (they were most focused on the security aspects, to prevent jamming attacks). Resilience and reliability of the whole system will be the key factors to be taken into account 40, 41, 45.

As a more prospective activity, we consider exploring software and communication security for IoT. This is challenging given that existing solutions do not address systems that are both constrained and networked 46. Finally, in order to contribute to a better interoperability between all these technologies, we will continue to contribute to standardization bodies such as IETF and EPC Global.

5.1 Awards

Nathalie Mitton has been nominated as one of the 10 2020 N²Women: Stars in Computer Networking and Communications.

6.1 Security

Participants: Emilie Bout, Valeria Loscri, Nathalie Mitton, Edward Staddon.

The inherent openness of the wireless transmission medium has made wireless communication systems particularly vulnerable to a multitude of attacks. Furthermore, with the incorporation of IoT into Critical Infrastructure (CI) hardware and applications, the protection of not only the systems but the citizens themselves has become paramount. One of the biggest threats to these communication systems is the jamming attack, in part by its ease of implementation. This kind of attack consists in intentionally interfering with the communication medium to keep it occupied or to corrupt data in transit to cause a denial of service (DoS). The effectiveness of a jamming attack is based on many parameters such as the transmission properties (e.g., modulation, power), the characteristics of the network (e.g., routing), or also the strategy of the jammer along with its position. The last point has been the subject of a few studies in recent years under the name of jammer placement problem. The goal of this problem is to find the optimal position of the jammer to minimize the throughput of the network. Studying this dilemma would make it possible to improve detection methods, such as the location of jamming nodes. In 21, we have studied the impact of the specific position of a jammer and the effectiveness of different attacks, namely constant, reactive and random based on the specific distance of the jamming attacker. Results have shown that the performance of the type of attacks are influenced by the distance between the attacker and the transmitter node under attack.

6.2 Visible Light Communication

Participants: Antonio Costanzo, Valeria Loscri, Meysam Mayahi.

The dual use of light for illumination and for wireless information has recently raised a greater attention from the wireless networks community. Visible Light Communication (VLC) is recognized as a green communication technology solution and as a safe technology to human people in comparison of Radio Frequency (RF) based technology. The growing research interest in optical wireless spectrum relies on the need to find a complementary technology to the conventional one based on RF in order to overcome the spectrum scarcity and to meet the high data rates required. Among the positive characteristics associated to VLC, are a wider bandwidth, an inherent security and no RF electromagnetic frequency interference. It is wellknown that VLC is vulnerable to the optical interference noise, but no works have been done for characterizing the interference of VLC with Radio Frequency (RF) waves. In 22, by the means of extensive experimental resutls, we demonstrated that there is interefrence at certain specific RF frequencies and we evaluated the impact. In particular, we considered a completely controlled suite of experiments in an anechoic chamber, with and without external interference as an antenna transmitting a signal at different frequencies up to 1 GHz and at different powers. Results are surprising, since at certain frequencies, we detect very high interference. In order to evaluate the impact of the interference from a communication point of view, we have implemented different modulation schemes, $m$-Pulse Position Modulation ($m$PPM, with $m=2,4,8,16$) and we have considered different scenarios to identify the specific conditions impacting on the communication system.

6.3 Emerging Communication Technologies

Participants: Valeria Loscri, Mohammad Ojaroudi, Carola Rizza.

In the very recent years, research community is devoting a lot of attention on emerging communication paradigms based on the exploitation of metamaterial and the interaction of the signals with this specific material. In particular, metamaterial are characterized with features not existing in nature, that can be efficacely exploited for controlling and manipulating the wavefront. Metasurfaces are a specific type of metamaterial and the integration of metasurface in a wireless communication system allows the implementation of a revolutionary communication paradigm, by integrating the environment by design instead of consiering it as a passive and often negative element to suffer. The great point is that this concept can be applied to various contexts and applications ranging from biological contexts 33 to outdoor wireless communications systems 18, 28. Specific types of structures can be designed for responding to the specific needs as has been shown in 33, where a new ultrathin metasurface structure based on an inverted T-shaped strip surrounded by SRR for using in biosensing applications in THz-TDS has been proposed. By inserting the inverted T-shaped strip inside the SRR structure, the coupling between the inverted T-shaped strip and the SRR is enhanced, with an improved transmission impact at resonance frequency of 0.6 THz. Thorugh simulation results, it has been shown that is possibile to achieve a 65 GHz/RIU sensitivity factor, which proves that the proposed metasurface structure is a good candidate for biosensing applications in THz-TDS. The great versatility of RIM-based paradigm allows the characterization of specific features of the system in order to “translate” them in specific design characteristic of the metasurfaces. This approach has been followed in 28, 33.

6.4 On the use of LoRa

Participants: Brandon Foubert, Nathalie Mitton.

Recently, new technologies that enable low-power and long-range communications have emerged. These technologies, in opposition to more traditional communication technologies rather defined as “short range”, allow kilometer-wide wireless communications. Long-range technologies are used to form Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN). Many LPWAN technologies are available, and they offer different performances, business models etc., answering different applications' needs. This makes it hard to find the right tool for a specific use case. In 15, we present a survey about the long-range technologies available presently as well as the technical characteristics they offer. Then we propose a discussion about the energy consumption of each alternative and which one may be most adapted depending on the use case requirements and expectations, as well as guidelines to choose the best suited technology.

Among these technologies is LoRa. LoRa (Long Range) is a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) protocol developed by Semtech and is gaining more and more attention these last years.

We consider in 27 the technique of carrier sensing for application in a LoRa mesh network aimed at wildlife monitoring. A key challenge in this application is to limit collisions in order to increase the channel capacity. Since CSMA is very rarely applied in LoRa-based networks, our goal is to determine its practical viability. We evaluate the LoRa Channel Activity Detection (CAD) mechanism under laboratory and field conditions. Our results show that both preamble and payload symbols are detectable even at distances exceeding 4 km. Detecting LoRa preamble symbols had a SNR advantage of between 1 and 2 dB over payload symbols. Furthermore, we find that by taking at least eight consecutive CAD measurements, a clear channel assessment (CCA) comparable to the LoRa frame reception rate can be achieved between two nodes.

In the context of covering areas based on reduced infrastructure and with a low energy consumption, LPWAN plays an important role. In 14, we investigate LoRa, a low-power technology offering large coverage, but low transmission rates. Radio range and data rate are tunable by using different spreading factors and coding rates, which are configuration parameters of the LoRa physical layer. LoRa can cover large areas but variations in the environment affect link quality. This work studies the propagation of LoRa signals in forest, urban, and suburban vehicular environments. Besides being environments with variable propagation conditions, we evaluate scenarios with node mobility. To characterize the communication link, we mainly use the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). As for node mobility, speeds are chosen according to prospective applications. Our results show that the link reaches up to 250 m in the forest scenario, while in the vehicular scenario it reaches up to 2 km. In contrast, in scenarios with high-density buildings and human activity, the maximum range of the link reaches up to 200 m in the urban scenario.

6.5 Mobile Edge computing

Participants: Nathalie Mitton, Nina Santi.

The potential offered by the abundance of sensors, actuators, and communications in the IoT era is hindered by the limited computational capacity of local nodes. Several key challenges should be addressed to optimally and jointly exploit the network, computing, and storage resources, guaranteeing at the same time feasibility for time-critical and mission-critical tasks. We propose the DRUID-NET framework to take upon these challenges by dynamically distributing resources when the demand is rapidly varying. It includes analytic dynamical modeling of the resources, offered workload, and networking environment, incorporating phenomena typically met in wireless communications and mobile edge computing, together with new estimators of time-varying profiles. Building on this framework 3, we aim to develop novel resource allocation mechanisms that explicitly include service differentiation and context-awareness, being capable of guaranteeing well-defined Quality of Service (QoS) metrics. DRUID-NET goes beyond the state of the art in the design of control algorithms by incorporating resource allocation mechanisms to the decision strategy itself. To achieve these breakthroughs, we combine tools from Automata and Graph theory, Machine Learning, Modern Control Theory, and Network Theory. DRUID-NET constitutes the first truly holistic, multidisciplinary approach that extends recent, albeit fragmented results from all aforementioned fields, thus bridging the gap between efforts of different communities. We also presented the different challenges raised by such a framework though a set of tutorials 37 including self-deployment adaptive MEC resources.

6.6 Vehicular networks and applications

Participants: Valeria Loscri, Nathalie Mitton, Mohammad Ojaroudi Parchin, Carola Rizza, Yasir Saleem Shaikh.

Vehicular communications networks (VCNs) are created by vehicles equipped with short and medium range wireless communication technology. Vehicular networks may include vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communications. The research interest on VCNs is always very high and is incresing in the latest years by considering the plethora of important applications and services, ranging from active safety or safety of life applications to traffic information, music/maps download and multi-hop internet connection that can be realized by the means of this paradigm. Recently, the promises of wireless communications to support vehicular safety applications have led to several national/international projects around the world. Among the safety applications, high accuracy of position is a fundamental requirement in order to effectively accomplish safety applications. For that, in 8 a GNSS positioning system that uses Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communications to cooperatively determine absolute and relative position of the ego-vehicle with enough precision was developed. On the other hand, the increasing requirement of higher bandwidth and data rate require the adoption of new emerging communication technology to be developed as in 28, where the high potentiality of inclusion of a mteasurface in the vehicular wireless network is demonstrated. In order to make the new communication technology effective, efficient forwarding mechanisms have to be designed, by accouting specific features of trace duration such as in 16. In particular, we study the impact that contact duration has on the broadcast of messages, showing that splitting a large message into smaller parts can improve its diffusion. Based on this idea, we propose an extension of the epidemic protocol called Xpread. The efficiency of this protocol mainly depends on how the original message is partitioned. Thus, in order to evaluate the impact and the efficiency of the partition scheme, we have developed an analytical model based on Population Processes, showing that a fixed size partition is the best option, while also providing a simple expression to obtain the optimal size.

6.7 Data Prediction

Participants: Nathalie Mitton, Christian Salim.

Nowadays, climate change is one of the numerous factors affecting the agricultural sector. Optimising the usage of natural resources is one of the challenges this sector faces. For this reason, it could be necessary to locally monitor weather data and soil conditions to make faster and better decisions locally adapted to the crop. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can serve as a monitoring system for these types of parameters. However, in WSNs, sensor nodes suffer from limited energy resources. The process of sending a large amount of data from the nodes to the sink results in high energy consumption at the sensor node and significant use of network bandwidth, which reduces the lifetime of the overall network and increases the number of costly interference. Data reduction is one of the solutions for this kind of challenges. In 20, data correlation is investigated and combined with a data prediction technique in order to avoid sending data that could be retrieved mathematically in the objective to reduce the energy consumed by sensor nodes and the bandwidth occupation. The data correlation and prediction technique 35 is proposed both at the sensor node level and at the sink level based on a Pearson algorithm. The aim of this approach is to reduce the amount of transmitted data to the sink, depending on the degree of correlation between different parameters. This data reduction maintains the accuracy of the information while reducing the amount of data sent from the nodes to the sink. It is then combined with a machine learning based technique 30 to reduce the amount of data to send even more. This approach is validated through simulations on MATLAB using real meteorological data-sets from Weather-Underground sensor network. The results show the validity of our approach which reduces the amount of data by a percentage up to eighty eight percent for a maximum losse in accuracy of seven percent.

6.8 On the use of multi technologies

Participants: Brandon Foubert, Nathalie Mitton.

Leveraging multi technologies allow to extend the network coverage and efficiency. We investigate this research direction in two main use cases: rescue operations in which multitechnologies allow to extend the network lifetime and smart agriculture in which it allows to extend coverage and reliability.

Rescue operation: Disaster scenarios have caused crisis situations that have threatened human life. Particularly, during such events, public communication infrastructure get damaged which impedes rescue operations and it took a considerable time and effort (days to weeks) before a reliable communication infrastructure could be restored. Therefore, there is a tremendous need to quickly deploy communication networks to assist rescue operations for sharing emergency data (e.g. alert message, rescue instruction). The work in 17 evaluates the performances of smartphones and leverages the ubiquitous presence of mobile devices during disaster scenarios to assist and speed up rescue operations. It proposes a cooperative communication scheme that exploits available network technologies and takes various energy levels into account. A multi-tiers network architecture is proposed targeting a balanced energy consumption in the whole network. Moreover, it introduces a lifetime efficient data collection scheme that employs drones to scan the disaster area and to visit mobile devices and relay their data. Extensive simulations have been conducted and results show that the proposed scheme allows to keep mobile devices alive as long as possible by saving a considerable energy and guarantees a short drone-path for data relaying.

Smart agriculture: Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are composed of hardware constrained and battery-powered devices that communicate wirelessly. WSN find more and more applications, but their deployment is limited among others by the range and the throughput of the communication technology used. Several technologies are available nowadays, with various performances, cost and coverage. One solution to overcome the deployment limitations and in some cases extend the coverage would be to dynamically select the technology based on the data requirements, environment, geographic location, etc. Thus we need multi-technologies WSN devices and efficient algorithms to select the best available technology in an autonomous and local way. This issue is known as Network Interface Selection (NIS). Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) methods are an efficient tool to tackle NIS. Among MADM methods is Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). However, TOPSIS suffers from a rank reversal issue, which may alter the ranking quality. Furthermore, TOPSIS method is computation heavy, which might increase the energy consumption of the constrained devices and the latency of the network. In 32, we introduce a lightweight TOPSIS-based method tailored for NIS in WSN, allowing more reliable communications.

7.1 Bilateral contracts with industry

8.1 International initiatives

8.2 International research visitors

8.3 European initiatives

8.4 National initiatives

8.5 Regional initiatives

9.1 Promoting scientific activities

• Nathalie Mitton is the referent researcher for the creation of the MATH Laboratory in Nord and participates to the official inauguration March 2020.
• Valeria Loscri and Nathalie Mitton are in the GIS CybCOMM, Scientific Interest Group in the Cyber Security for wireless networks.

9.2 Teaching - Supervision - Juries

9.3 Popularization

10.1 Major publications

• 1 articleLeonardoL. Chancay-García, EnriqueE. Hernández-Orallo, PietroP. Manzoni, Anna MariaA. Vegni, ValeriaV. Loscri, Juan CarlosJ. Cano and Carlos TavaresC. Calafate. Optimising Message Broadcasting in Opportunistic NetworksComputer Communications157April 2020, 162-178
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• 2 article AntonioA. Costanzo and ValeriaV. Loscri. Error Compensation in Indoor Positioning Systems based on Software Defined Visible Light Communication Physical Communication 2019
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• 3 articleDimitriosD. Dechouniotis, NikolaosN. Athanasopoulos, ArisA. Leivadeas, NathalieN. Mitton, RaphaelR. Jungers and SymeonS. Papavassiliou. Edge Computing Resource Allocation for Dynamic Networks: The DRUID-NET Vision and PerspectiveSensors208April 2020, 2191
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• 4 articleMalcolmM. Egan, ValeriaV. Loscri, Trung QT. Duong and Marco DiM. Renzo. Strategies for Coexistence in Molecular CommunicationIEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience181January 2019, 51-60
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• 5 article FrancescaF. Guerriero, ValeriaV. Loscri, PasqualeP. Pace and RosarioR. Surace. Neural Networks and SDR Modulation schemes for wireless mobile nodes: a synergic approach Ad Hoc Networks 2017
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• 6 article FaroukF. Mezghani and NathalieN. Mitton. Alternative opportunistic alert diffusion to support infrastructure failure during disasters Sensors October 2017
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• 7 article RobertoR. Morabito, RiccardoR. Petrolo, ValeriaV. Loscri and NathalieN. Mitton. LEGIoT: a Lightweight Edge Gateway for the Internet of Things Future Generation Computer Systems 2017
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• 8 article João BJ. Pinto Neto, Lucas CL. Gomes, Fernando CF. Ortiz, Thales TT. Almeida, Miguel Elias M.M. Campista, Luis HenriqueL. Maciel Kosmalski Costa and NathalieN. Mitton. An Accurate Cooperative Positioning System for Vehicular Safety Applications Computers and Electrical Engineering (COMPELECENG) 2020
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• 9 inproceedings ViktorV. Toldov, LaurentL. Clavier, ValeriaV. Loscri and NathalieN. Mitton. A Thompson Sampling Approach to Channel Exploration-Exploitation Problem in Multihop Cognitive Radio Networks 27th annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) Valencia, Spain September 2016
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• 10 inproceedings ViktorV. Toldov, LaurentL. Clavier and NathalieN. Mitton. Multi-channel Distributed MAC protocol for WSN-based wildlife monitoring WiMob 2018 - 14th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications Limassol, Cyprus October 2018
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10.2 Publications of the year

10.3 Cited publications

• 38 article NicolasN. Anciaux, LucL. Bouganim, ThierryT. Delot, SergioS. Ilarri, LeïlaL. Kloul, NathalieN. Mitton and PhilippeP. Pucheral. Opportunistic Data Services in Least Developed Countries: Benefits, Challenges and Feasibility Issues ACM SIGMOD Record March 2014
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• 39 articleJ. Bachrach and C. Taylor. Localization in sensor networksArtificial Intelligence2004, 227--310
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• 40 inproceedings AllanA. Blanchard, NikolaiN. Kosmatov and FrédéricF. Loulergue. Ghosts for Lists: A Critical Module of Contiki Verified in Frama-C Tenth NASA Formal Methods Symposium - NFM 2018 Newport News, United States April 2018
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• 41 inproceedingsAllanA. Blanchard, FrédéricF. Loulergue and NikolaiN. Kosmatov. Towards Full Proof Automation in Frama-C Using Auto-active VerificationNASA Formal MethodsHouston, TX, United StatesSpringerMay 2019, 88-105
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• 42 inproceedings AntonioA. Costanzo, ValeriaV. Loscri and SandraS. Costanzo. Adaptive Dual Color Visible Light Communication (VLC) System 6th World Conference on Information Systems and Technologies Napoli, Italy March 2018
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• 43 inproceedings AntonioA. Costanzo and ValeriaV. Loscri. Système de localisation à Lumière Visible avec compensation du bruit environnemental CORES 2019 Narbonne, France June 2019
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• 44 inproceedings AntonioA. Costanzo and ValeriaV. Loscri. Visible Light Indoor Positioning in a Noise-aware Environment WCNC 2019 - IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Marrakesh, Morocco April 2019
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• 45 articleArunA. Das, ArunabhaA. Sen, ChunmingC. Qiao, NasirN. Ghani and NathalieN. Mitton. RAPTOR: a network tool for mitigating the impactof spatially correlated failures in infrastructure networksAnnals of Telecommunications - annales des télécommunications731February 2018, 153-164
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• 46 inproceedings SimonS. Duquennoy, BeshrB. Al Nahas, OlafO. Landsiedel and ThomasT. Watteyne. Orchestra: Robust Mesh Networks Through Autonomously Scheduled TSCH Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (ACM SenSys) 2015
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• 47 inproceedings MohamedM. El Amine Seddik, ViktorV. Toldov, LaurentL. Clavier and NathalieN. Mitton. From Outage Probability to ALOHA MAC Layer Performance Analysis in Distributed WSNs WCNC 2018 - IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Barcelona, Spain April 2018
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• 48 articleEssiaE. Elhafsi, NathalieN. Mitton, BogdanB. Pavkovic and DavidD. Simplot-Ryl. Energy-aware Georouting with Guaranteed Delivery in Wireless Sensor Networks with ObstaclesInternational Journal of Wireless Information Networks1632009, 142--153
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• 49 inproceedingsB. Fabian and O. Günther. Distributed ONS and its Impact on PrivacyIEEE International Conference on Communications2007, 1223--1228
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• 50 articleAntoineA. Gallais, JeanJ. Carle, DavidD. Simplot-Ryl and IvanI. Stojmenovic. Localized Sensor Area Coverage with Low Communication OverheadIEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing (TMC)57May 2008, 661-672
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• 51 inproceedingsNicolasN. Gouvy, NathalieN. Mitton and JunJ. Zheng. Greedy Routing Recovery Using Controlled Mobility in Wireless Sensor NetworksADHOC-NOW - The 12th International Conference on Ad Hoc Networks and Wireless - 2013Wroclaw, PolandJuly 2013, URL: http://hal.inria.fr/hal-00830374
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• 52 inproceedings FrancoisF. Ingelrest, NathalieN. Mitton and DavidD. Simplot-Ryl. A Turnover based Adaptive HELLO Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks Proc. of the 15th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS'07) Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey October 2007
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• 53 inproceedings XuX. Li, NathalieN. Mitton and DavidD. Simplot-Ryl. Mobility Prediction Based Neighborhood Discovery in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Proc. of the IFIP/TC6 NETWORKING 2011 Valencia, Spain 2011
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• 54 inproceedings ValeriaV. Loscri, GiuseppeG. Ruggeri, Anna MariaA. Vegni and IgnazioI. Cricelli. Social Structure Analysis in Internet of Vehicles CoWPER Workshop in conjunction with IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication and Networking Hong-Kong, China June 2018
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• 55 inproceedings Abdoul AzizA. Mbacké, NathalieN. Mitton and HervéH. Rivano. DACAR: Distributed & Adaptable Crosslayer Anticollision and Routing protocol for RFID AdHoc-Now 2018 - 17th International Conference on Ad Hoc Networks and Wireless St Malo, France September 2018
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• 56 inproceedings Abdoul AzizA. Mbacké, NathalieN. Mitton and HervéH. Rivano. RFID Anticollision in Dense Mobile Environments WCNC 2017 - IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference San Francisco, United States March 2017
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• 57 inproceedings Abdoul AzizA. Mbacke, NathalieN. Mitton and HerveH. Rivano. Using Fuzzy Logic for data priority aware collection in RFID sensing wireless networks PIMRC 2018 - IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications Bologne, Italy September 2018
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• 58 inproceedings FaroukF. Mezghani, PranveraP. Kortoçi, NathalieN. Mitton and MarioM. Di Francesco. A Multi-tier Communication Schemefor Drone-assisted Disaster Recovery Scenarios PIMRC 2019 - IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications Istanbul, Turkey September 2019
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• 59 inproceedings FaroukF. Mezghani and NathalieN. Mitton. Drone assisted multi-technology rescue operations CORES 2019 - Rencontres Francophones sur la Conception de Protocoles, l’Évaluation de Performance et l’Expérimentation des Réseaux de Communication Saint Laurent de la Cabrerisse, France June 2019
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• 60 bookNathalieN. Mitton and DavidD. Simplot-Ryl. Wireless Sensor and Robot Networks From Topology Control to Communication AspectsWorldScientificFebruary 2014, 284
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• 61 inproceedings JadJ. Nassar, KarenK. Miranda, NicolasN. Gouvy and NathalieN. Mitton. Heterogeneous data reduction in WSN: Application to Smart Grids SMARTOBJECTS 2018 - 4th Workshop on Experiences with the Design and Implementation of Smart Objects Los Angeles, California, United States June 2018
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• 62 article A. Pal. Localization Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks: Current Approaches and Future Challenges Network Protocols and Algorithms 2 1 2010
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• 63 inproceedings RiccardoR. Petrolo, ThierryT. Delot, NathalieN. Mitton, AntonellaA. Molinaro and ClaudiaC. Campolo. O-SPIN: an Opportunistic Data Dissemination Protocol for Folk-enabled Information System in Least Developed Countries ADHOC-NOW - 13th International Conference on Ad-Hoc Networks and Wireless Benidorm, Spain June 2014
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• 64 inproceedings RiccardoR. Petrolo, SalvatoreS. Guzzo Bonifacio, ValeriaV. Loscri and NathalieN. Mitton. The discovery of ``relevant'' data-sources in a Smart City environment Proceedings of SSC - 2nd International IEEE SMARTCOMP Workshop on Sensors and Smart Cities St. Louis, Missouri, United States May 2016
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• 65 inproceedings RiccardoR. Petrolo, ValeriaV. Loscri and NathalieN. Mitton. Confident-based Adaptable Connected objects discovery to HArmonize smart City Applications Proceedings of WD - IFIP Wireless Days Toulouse, France March 2016
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• 66 incollection RiccardoR. Petrolo, ValeriaV. Loscri and NathalieN. Mitton. Cyber-Physical Objects as key elements for a Smart Cyber-City Management of Cyber Physical Objects in the Future Internet of Things February 2016
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• 67 inproceedings RiccardoR. Petrolo, ValeriaV. Loscri, NathalieN. Mitton and ElisaE. Herrmann. Adaptive Filtering as a Service for Smart City Applications 14th IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC) Cosenza, Italy May 2017
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• 68 inproceedings RiccardoR. Petrolo, AikateriniA. Roukounaki, ValeriaV. Loscri, NathalieN. Mitton and JohnJ. Soldatos. Connecting physical things to a SmartCity-OS Proceedings of CoWPER - International IEEE SECON Workshop on Toward a city-wide pervasive environment London, United Kingdom June 2016
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• 69 article MounaM. Rekik, ZiedZ. Chtourou, NathalieN. Mitton and AhmadA. atieh. Geographic routing protocol for the deployment of virtual power plant within the smart grid Sustainable Cities and Society 2016
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• 70 inproceedingsLoïcL. Schmidt, NathalieN. Mitton, DavidD. Simplot-Ryl, RoudyR. Dagher and RobertoR. Quilez. DHT-based distributed ALE engine in RFID MiddlewareIEEE International Conference on RFID-Technologies and Applications (RFID-TA 2011)Barcelona, SpainSeptember 2011, URL: http://hal.inria.fr/inria-00599128/en
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• 71 article GeorgeG. Smart, NikosN. Deligiannis, RosarioR. Surace, ValeriaV. Loscri, GiancarloG. Fortino and YiannisY. Andreopoulos. Decentralized Time-Synchronized Channel Swapping for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2016
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• 72 phdthesis ViktorV. Toldov. Adaptive MAC layer for interference limited WSN Université Lille 1 Sciences et technologies January 2017
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• 73 inproceedings Anna MariaA. Vegni, ValeriaV. Loscri and PietroP. Manzoni. Data Forwarding Techniques Based on Graph Theory Metrics in Vehicular Social Networks IEEE PIMRC 2018 - 29th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications Bologna, Italy September 2018
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• 74 article YuY. Wang, JunJ. Zheng and NathalieN. Mitton. Delivery Delay Analysis for Roadside Unit Deployment in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks with Intermittent Connectivity IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology January 2016
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