3.1 Introduction

Our ability to acquire or generate, store, process, interlink and query data has increased spectacularly over the last few years. The corresponding advances are commonly grouped under the umbrella of so called Big Data. Even if the latter has become a buzzword, these advances are real, and they are having a profound impact in domains as varied as scientific research, commerce, social media, industrial processes or e-government. Yet, looking ahead, technologies related to what we now call the Web of Data (a.k.a the Semantic Web) have the potential to create an even larger revolution in data-driven activities, by making information accessible to machines as semistructured data 21 that eventually becomes actionable knowledge. Indeed, novel Web data models considerably ease the interlinking of semi-structured data originating from multiple independent sources. They make it possible to associate machine-processable semantics with the data. This in turn means that heterogeneous systems can exchange data, infer new data using reasoning engines, and that software agents can cross data sources, resolving ambiguities and conflicts between them 61. Datasets are becoming very rich and very large. They are gradually being made even larger and more heterogeneous, but also much more useful, by interlinking them, as exemplified by the Linked Data initiative 39.

These advances raise research questions and technological challenges that span numerous fields of computer science research: databases, communication networks, security and trust, data mining, as well as human-computer interaction. Our research is based on the conviction that interactive systems play a central role in many data-driven activity domains. Indeed, no matter how elaborate the data acquisition, processing and storage pipelines are, data eventually get processed or consumed one way or another by users. The latter are faced with large, increasingly interlinked heterogeneous datasets that are organized according to complex structures, resulting in overwhelming amounts of both raw data and structured information. Users thus require effective tools to make sense of their data and manipulate them.

We approach this problem from the perspective of the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) field of research, whose goal is to study how humans interact with computers and inspire novel hardware and software designs aimed at optimizing properties such as efficiency, ease of use and learnability, in single-user or cooperative work contexts. More formally, HCI is about designing systems that lower the barrier between users' cognitive model of what they want to accomplish, and computers' understanding of this model. HCI is about the design, implementation and evaluation of computing systems that humans interact with 41, 63. It is a highly multidisciplinary field, with experts from computer science, cognitive psychology, design, engineering, ethnography, human factors and sociology.

In this broad context, ILDA aims at designing interactive systems that display 30, 47, 70 the data and let users interact with them, aiming to help users better navigate and comprehend large datasets represented visually 357, as well as relate and manipulate them.

Our research agenda consists of the three complementary axes detailed in the following subsections. Designing systems that consider interaction in close conjunction with data structure and semantics is pivotal to all three axes. This will help drive navigation in, and manipulation of, the data, so as to optimize the communication bandwidth between users and data.

3.2 Novel Forms of Display for Groups and Individuals

Participants: Caroline Appert, Anastasia Bezerianos, Olivier Chapuis, Emmanuel Pietriga, Vanessa Peña-Araya, Eugénie Brasier, Vincent Cavez, Mehdi Chakhchoukh, Raphaël James, Dylan Lebout.

Data sense-making and analysis is not limited to individual users working with a single device, but increasingly involves multiple users working together in a coordinated manner in multi-display environments: workstations, wall displays, handheld devices, mixed reality. We investigate how to empower users working with complex data by leveraging novel types of displays and combinations of displays, designing visualizations adapted to their capabilities.

The foundational question addressed here is what to display when, where and how, so as to provide effective support to users in their data understanding and manipulation tasks. ILDA targets contexts in which workers have to interact with complementary views on the same data, or with views on different-but-related datasets, possibly at different levels of abstraction. Being able to combine or switch between representations of the data at different levels of detail and merge data from multiple sources in a single representation is central to many scenarios. This is especially true in both of the application domains we consider: mission-critical systems (e.g., natural disaster crisis management) and the exploratory analysis of scientific data (e.g., correlate theories and heterogeneous observational data for an analysis of a given celestial body in Astrophysics).

A significant part of our research over the last ten years has focused on multi-scale interfaces. We designed and evaluated novel interaction techniques, but also worked actively on the development of open-source UI toolkits for multi-scale interfaces. These interfaces let users navigate large but relatively homogeneous datasets at different levels of detail, on both workstations 60, 25, 56, 55, 54, 26, 53, 24, 59 and wall-sized displays 49, 42, 58, 48, 28, 32, 31. This part of the ILDA research program is about extending multi-scale navigation in two directions: 1. Enabling the representation of multiple, spatially-registered but widely varying, multi-scale data layers in Geographical Information Systems (GIS); 2. Generalizing the multi-scale navigation paradigm to interconnected, heterogeneous datasets as found on the Web of Data.

The first research problem has been mainly investigated in collaboration with IGN in the context of ANR project MapMuxing, which stands for multi-dimensional map multiplexing, from 2014 to early 2019. Project MapMuxing aimed at going beyond the traditional pan & zoom and overview+detail interface schemes, and at designing and evaluating novel cartographic visualizations that rely on high-quality generalization, i.e., the simplification of geographic data to make it legible at a given map scale 66, 67, and symbol specification. Beyond project MapMuxing, we are also investigating multi-scale multiplexing techniques for geo-localized data in the specific context of ultra-high-resolution wall-sized displays, where the combination of a very high pixel density and large physical surface enable us to explore designs that involve collaborative interaction and physical navigation in front of the workspace.

The second research problem is about the extension of multi-scale navigation to interconnected, heterogeneous datasets. Generalization has a rather straightforward definition in the specific domain of geographical information systems, where data items are geographical entities that naturally aggregate as scale increases. But it is unclear how generalization could work for representations of the more heterogeneous webs of data that we consider in the first axis of our research program. Those data form complex networks of resources with multiple and quite varied relationships between them, that cannot rely on a single, unified type of representation (a role played by maps in GIS applications).

Relevant publications by team members this year: 13, 14, 18, 16, 20.

3.3 Novel Forms of Input for Groups and Individuals

Participants: Caroline Appert, Anastasia Bezerianos, Olivier Chapuis, Emmanuel Pietriga, Eugénie Brasier, Vincent Cavez, Emmanuel Courtoux, Raphaël James.

Analyzing and manipulating large datasets can involve multiple users working together in a coordinated manner in multi-display environments: workstations, handheld devices, wall-sized displays 28. Those users work towards a common goal, navigating and manipulating data displayed on various hardware surfaces in a coordinated manner. Group awareness 38, 36 is central in these situations, as users, who may or may not be co-located in the same room, can have an optimal individual behavior only if they have a clear picture of what their collaborators have done and are currently doing in the global context. We work on the design and implementation of interactive systems that improve group awareness in co-located situations 43, making individual users able to figure out what other users are doing without breaking the flow of their own actions.

In addition, users need a rich interaction vocabulary to handle large, structured datasets in a flexible and powerful way, regardless of the context of work. Input devices such as mice and trackpads provide a limited number of input actions, thus requiring users to switch between modes to perform different types of data manipulation and navigation actions. The action semantics of these input devices are also often too much dependent on the display output. For instance, a mouse movement and click can only be interpreted according to the graphical controller (widget) above which it is moved. We focus on designing powerful input techniques based upon technologies such as tactile surfaces (supported by UI toolkits developed in-house), 3D motion tracking systems, or custom-built controllers 46to complement (rather than replace) traditional input devices such as keyboards, that remain the best method so far for text entry, and indirect input devices such as mice or trackpads for pixel-precise pointing actions.

The input vocabularies we investigate enable users to navigate and manipulate large and structured datasets in environments that involve multiple users and displays that vary in their size, position and orientation 28, 37, each having their own characteristics and affordances: wall displays 49, 23, workstations, tabletops 51, 35, tablets 50, 68, smartphones 71, 33, 64, 65, and combinations thereof 34, 69, 48, 28.

We aim at designing rich interaction vocabularies that go far beyond what current touch interfaces offer, which rarely exceeds five gestures such as simple slides and pinches. Designing larger gesture vocabularies requires identifying discriminating dimensions (e.g., the presence or absence of anchor points and the distinction between internal and external frames of reference 50) in order to structure a space of gestures that interface designers can use as a dictionary for choosing a coherent set of controls. These dimensions should be few and simple, so as to provide users with gestures that are easy to memorize and execute. Beyond gesture complexity, the scalability of vocabularies also depends on our ability to design robust gesture recognizers that will allow users to fluidly chain simple gestures that make it possible to interlace navigation and manipulation actions.

We also study how to further extend input vocabularies by combining touch 50, 71, 51 and mid-air gestures 49 with physical objects 40, 62, 46 and classical input devices such as keyboards to enable users to input commands to the system or to involve other users in their workflow (request for help, delegation, communication of personal findings, etc.) 29, 44. Gestures and objects encode a lot of information in their shape, dynamics and direction, that can be directly interpreted in relation with the user, independently from the display output. Physical objects can also greatly improve coordination among actors for, e.g., handling priorities or assigning specific roles.

Relevant publications by team members this year: 17, 16, 14.

3.4 Interacting with Diverse Data

Participants: Emmanuel Pietriga, Caroline Appert, Anastasia Bezerianos, Vanessa Peña-Araya, Mehdi Chakhchoukh, Rim Hajri.

Research in data management is yielding novel models that enable diverse structuring and querying strategies, give machine-processable semantics to the data and ease their interlinking. This, in turn, yields datasets that can be distributed at the scale of the Web, highly-heterogeneous and thus rich but also quite complex. We investigate ways to leverage this richness from the users' perspective, designing interactive systems adapted to the specific characteristics of data models and data semantics of the considered application area.

To be successful, interaction paradigms that let users navigate and manipulate data on the Web have to be tailored to the radically different way of browsing information enabled by it, where users directly interact with the data rather than with monolithic documents. The general research question addressed in this part of our research program is how to design novel interaction techniques that help users manipulate their data more efficiently. By data manipulation, we mean all low-level tasks related to manually creating new content, modifying and cleaning existing content, merging data from different sources, establishing connections between datasets, categorizing data, and eventually sharing the end results with other users; tasks that are currently considered quite tedious because of the sheer complexity of the concepts, data models and syntax, and the interplay between all of them.

Our approach is based on the conviction that there is a strong potential for cross-fertilization, as mentioned earlier: on the one hand, user interface design is essential to the management and understanding of webs of data; on the other hand, interlinked datasets enriched with even a small amount of semantics can help create more powerful user interfaces, that provide users with the right information at the right time.

We envision systems that focus on the data themselves, exploiting the underlying semantics and structure in the background rather than exposing them – which is what current user interfaces for the Web of Data often do. We envision interactive systems in which the semantics and structure are not exposed directly to users, but serve as input to the system to generate interactive representations that convey information relevant to the task at hand and best afford the possible manipulation actions.

Relevant publications by team members this year: 13, 11, 18, 12, 15.

4.1 Mission-critical Systems

Mission-critical contexts of use include emergency response & management, and critical infrastructure operations, such as public transportation systems, communications and power distribution networks, or the operations of large scientific instruments such as particle accelerators and astronomical observatories. Central to these contexts of work is the notion of situation awareness 36, i.e., how workers perceive and understand elements of the environment with respect to time and space, such as maps and geolocated data feeds from the field, and how they form mental models that help them predict future states of those elements. One of the main challenges is how to best assist subject-matter experts in constructing correct mental models and making informed decisions, often under time pressure. This can be achieved by providing them with, or helping them efficiently identify and correlate, relevant and timely information extracted from large amounts of raw data, taking into account the often cooperative nature of their work and the need for task coordination. With this application area, our goal is to investigate novel ways of interacting with computing systems that improve collaborative data analysis capabilities and decision support assistance in a mission-critical, often time-constrained, work context.

Relevant publications by team members this year: 20.

4.2 Exploratory Analysis of Scientific Data

Many scientific disciplines are increasingly data-driven, including astronomy, molecular biology, particle physics, or neuroanatomy. While making the right decision under time pressure is often less of critical issue when analyzing scientific data, at least not on the same temporal scale as truly time-critical systems, scientists are still faced with large-to-huge amounts of data. No matter their origin (experiments, remote observations, large-scale simulations), these data are difficult to understand and analyze in depth because of their sheer size and complexity. Challenges include how to help scientists freely-yet-efficiently explore their data, keep a trace of the multiple data processing paths they considered to verify their hypotheses and make it easy to backtrack, and how to relate observations made on different parts of the data and insights gained at different moments during the exploration process. With this application area, our goal is to investigate how data-centric interactive systems can improve collaborative scientific data exploration, where users' goals are more open-ended, and where roles, collaboration and coordination patterns 38 differ from those observed in mission-critical contexts of work.

Relevant publications by team members last year: 12, 19.

5.1 New software

6.1 Interacting with Novel Forms of Displays

A picture of two users interacting with tangible objects in front of a wall display, including a closeup on one of those tangibles.

Following-up on recent work in the team about tangible interaction using passive tokens on multi-touch surfaces  464527, we investigated the specific case of tangible interaction on vertical displays using such passive tokens. Tangibles can enrich interaction with digital surfaces. Among others, they support eyes-free control or increase awareness of other users' actions. Tangibles have been studied in combination with horizontal surfaces such as tabletops, but not with vertical screens such as wall displays. The obvious obstacle is gravity: tangibles cannot be placed on such surfaces without falling. We developed WallTokens 2, which are easy-to-fabricate tangibles to interact with a vertical surface. A WallToken, illustrated in Figure 1, is a passive token whose footprint is recognized on a tactile surface. It is equipped with a push-handle that controls a suction cup. This makes it easy for users to switch between sliding the token or attaching it to the wall. We developed a method to build such tokens and to recognize them on a tactile surface. We ran a user study showing the benefits of WallTokens for manipulating virtual objects over multi-touch gestures.

An illustration of what a minimalistic photo editor for smartphones would look like if some of its widgets could be offloaded to the air around the phone.

Augmented Reality (AR) is another novel form of display that we study in the team. Recent work in the team 1 investigated different input techniques for indirect pointing in AR. This year, we studied how AR could improve interaction with handheld devices. We performed a detailed investigation of AR-enhanced widgets for smartphones 16, where AR technology is not only used to offload widgets from the phone to the air around it, but to give users more control on input precision as well. Such widgets, as illustrated in Figure 2, have the obvious benefit of freeing up screen real-estate on the phone, but their other potential benefits remain largely theoretical. Their limitations are not well understood, most particularly in terms of input performance. We compare different AR-enhanced widget designs against their state-of-the-art touch-only counterparts with a series of exploratory studies in which participants had to perform three tasks: command trigger, parameter value adjustment, and precise 2D selection. We then derive guidelines from our empirical observations.

6.2 Interactive Visual Exploration of Complex Data

Three states of a HyperStoryLine visualization emphasizing the interactive nesting of entities.

Recent work in the team investigated different visualization techniques for the understanding of spatio-temporal, multivariate data 752, using low-level, generic data analysis tasks. We continued this line of research, this time focusing on data modeled as hypergraphs, with a strong temporal aspect and lesser emphasis on the geo-spatial aspect. We developed HyperStoryLines 13, a technique that generalizes Storylines to visualize the evolution of relationships involving multiple types of entities such as, for example, people, locations, and companies (see Figure 3). Datasets which describe such multi-entity relationships are often modeled as hypergraphs, that can be difficult to visualize, especially when these relationships evolve over time. HyperStorylines enable the aggregation and nesting of these dynamic, multi-entity relationships. The design of HyperStorylines was informed by discussions and workshops with data journalists from Ouest France – a large francophone news office – and by the results of a comparative study in which participants had to answer questions inspired by the tasks that journalists typically perform with such data.

Screenshot of the Storifier text analytics tool.

Data journalism has also been the specific application area considered in a collaborative research project with the University of Toronto, this time rather involving text visualization and close reading 18. Journalistic inquiry often requires analysis and close study of large text collections around a particular topic. This practice could benefit from a more text- and reading-centered approach to journalistic text analysis, one that allows for a fluid transition between overview of entities of interest, the context of these entities in the text, down to the detailed documents they are extracted from. This project investigated the design and development of Storyfier, a text visualization tool (Figure 4) created in close collaboration with the same large francophone news office involved in the HyperStorylines project.

Together with colleagues from INRAe, we demonstrated how analytic provenance can be exploited to re-construct user trust in a guided Visual Analytics (VA) system, suggesting that interaction log data analysis can be a valuable tool for on-line trust monitoring 15. The approach explores objective trust measures that can be continuously tracked and updated during the exploration, and reflect both the confidence of the user in system suggestions, and the uncertainty of the system with regards to user goals. We argue that this approach is more suitable for guided VA systems where user strategies, goals and even trust can evolve over time, in reaction to new system feedback and insights from the exploration.

Finally, we were involved in a broad collaboration with visualization researchers from other universities in Canada and the USA. This project was about a comparative study of visualization task performance and spatial ability across disciplines 12. Problem-driven visualization work is rooted in deeply understanding the data, actors, processes, and workflows of a target domain. Data journalism (see above) being one example. However, an individual's personality traits and cognitive abilities may also influence visualization use. Diverse user needs and abilities raise natural questions for specificity in visualization design. This study bridges domain-specific perspectives on visualization design with those provided by cognition and perception. We measure variations in visualization task performance across chemistry, computer science, and education, and relate these differences to variations in spatial ability. These findings offer a fresh perspective on discipline-specific visualization with specific recommendations to help guide visualization design.

7.1 European initiatives

7.2 National initiatives

8.1 Promoting scientific activities

8.2 Teaching - Supervision - Juries

• Ingénieur (X-3A)/Master (M1/M2): Emmanuel Pietriga, Data Visualization (INF552), 36h, École Polytechnique / Institut Polytechnique de Paris
• Ingénieur (X-3A)/Master (M1/M2): Caroline Appert, Data Visualization (INF552), 18h, École Polytechnique / Institut Polytechnique de Paris
• Master (M1/M2): Caroline Appert, Experimental Design and Analysis, 22h, Université Paris Saclay
• Master (M2): Emmanuel Pietriga, Data Visualization, 24h, Université Paris Dauphine
• Master (M2): Anastasia Bezerianos, Career Seminar, 21h, Univ. Paris Saclay
• Master (M1/M2): Anastasia Bezerianos, Interactive Information Visualization, 10.5h, Univ. Paris Saclay
• Master (M1/M2): Anastasia Bezerianos, Mixed Reality and Tangible Interaction, 12h, Univ. Paris Saclay
• Master (M1/M2): Anastasia Bezerianos, Groupware and Collaborative Interaction, 8h, Univ. Paris Saclay
• Master (M2): Eugénie Brasier, Winter school, 11h, Univ. Paris Saclay
• Master (M1): Anastasia Bezerianos, Programming of Interactive Systems (M1 HCI/HCID), 21h, Univ. Paris Saclay
• Master (M1): Anastasia Bezerianos, Evaluation of Interactive Systems (M1 HCI/HCID), 12h, Univ. Paris Saclay
• Master (M1): Anastasia Bezerianos, Design Project (M1 HCI/HCID), 21h, Univ. Paris Saclay
• Master (M1): Raphaël James, Fundamentals of HCI, 22h, Université Paris Saclay
• Master (M1): Raphaël James, Programming of Interactive Systems, 10h, Université Paris Saclay
• Master (M1): Eugénie Brasier, Career Seminar project, 11h, Univ. Paris Saclay
• Ingénieur (Et3): Eugénie Brasier, Concepts Objet et Java, 24h, Polytech Paris-Saclay
• Ingénieur (Et3): Eugénie Brasier, Interaction Humain-Machine, 12h, Polytech Paris-Saclay
• License (L3/IUT): Anastasia Bezerianos, Programmation Android IUT, 31h, Université Paris Saclay
• License (L3): Raphaël James, Algorithmique Générale, 24h, Université Paris Saclay
• License (L2): Raphaël James, Introduction à l'Interaction Humain-Machine, 12h, Université Paris Saclay

8.3 Popularization

9.1 Major publications

• 1 inproceedingsE.Eugenie Brasier, O.Olivier Chapuis, N.Nicolas Ferey, J.Jeanne Vezien and C.Caroline Appert. ARPads: Mid-air Indirect Input for Augmented Reality.ISMAR 2020 - IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented RealityISMAR '20Porto de Galinhas, BrazilIEEENovember 2020, 13 pages
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• 2 inproceedingsE.Emmanuel Courtoux, C.Caroline Appert and O.Olivier Chapuis. WallTokens: Surface Tangibles for Vertical Displays.Proceedings of the international conference on Human factors in computing systemsCHI 2021 - International conference on Human factors in computing systemsCHI '21Yokoama / Virtual, JapanACMMay 2021, 13 pages
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• 3 articleM.Marie Destandau, C.Caroline Appert and E.Emmanuel Pietriga. S-Paths: Set-based visual exploration of linked data driven by semantic paths.Open Journal Of Semantic WebSeptember 2020, 1-18
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• 4 articleA.Anna Gogolou, T.Theophanis Tsandilas, T.Themis Palpanas and A.Anastasia Bezerianos. Comparing Similarity Perception in Time Series Visualizations.IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer GraphicsOctober 2018, 11
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• 5 articleM.-J.María-Jesús Lobo, C.Caroline Appert and E.Emmanuel Pietriga. Animation Plans for Before-and-After Satellite Images.IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics24January 2018
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• 6 articleV.Vanessa Pena Araya, T.Tong Xue, E.Emmanuel Pietriga, L.Laurent Amsaleg and A.Anastasia Bezerianos. HyperStorylines: Interactively untangling dynamic hypergraphs.Information VisualizationSeptember 2021, 1-21
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• 7 articleV.Vanessa Peña-Araya, E.Emmanuel Pietriga and A.Anastasia Bezerianos. A Comparison of Visualizations for Identifying Correlation over Space and Time.IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer GraphicsOctober 2019
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• 8 articleH.Hugo Romat, C.Caroline Appert and E.Emmanuel Pietriga. Expressive Authoring of Node-Link Diagrams with Graphies.IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics274April 2021, 2329-2340
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• 9 inproceedingsH.Hugo Romat, E.Emmanuel Pietriga, N.Nathalie Henry-Riche, K.Ken Hinckley and C.Caroline Appert. SpaceInk: Making Space for In-Context Annotations.UIST 2019 - 32nd ACM User Interface Software and TechnologyNouvelle-Orleans, United StatesOctober 2019
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• 10 inproceedingsV.Vít Rusňák, C.Caroline Appert, O.Olivier Chapuis and E.Emmanuel Pietriga. Designing Coherent Gesture Sets for Multi-scale Navigation on Tabletops.Proceedings of the 36th international conference on Human factors in computing systemsCHI '18Montreal, CanadaACMApril 2018, 142:1-142:12
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9.2 Publications of the year

9.3 Cited publications

• 21 bookS.S. Abiteboul, P.P. Buneman and D.D. Suciu. Data on the Web: From Relations to Semistructured Data and XML.Morgan Kaufmann1999
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• 22 inproceedingsS.S. Abiteboul, P.P. Senellart and V.V. Vianu. The ERC Webdam on Foundations of Web Data Management.Proc. of the 21st International Conference Companion on World Wide WebWWW '12 CompanionACM2012, 211--214URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2187980.2188011
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• 23 inproceedingsR. A.Rodrigo A. de Almeida, C.Clément Pillias, E.Emmanuel Pietriga and P.Pierre Cubaud. Looking behind bezels: french windows for wall displays.Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Advanced Visual InterfacesAVI '12Capri Island, ItalyACM2012, 124--131URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2254556.2254581
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• 24 inproceedingsJ.Jessalyn Alvina, C.Caroline Appert, O.Olivier Chapuis and E.Emmanuel Pietriga. RouteLens: Easy Route Following for Map Applications.Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Advanced Visual InterfacesAVI '14ACM2014, 125--128
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• 25 inproceedingsC.Caroline Appert, O.Olivier Chapuis and E.Emmanuel Pietriga. High-precision magnification lenses.Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systemsCHI '10Atlanta, Georgia, USAACM2010, 273--282
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• 26 inproceedingsC.Caroline Appert and J.-D.Jean-Daniel Fekete. OrthoZoom Scroller: 1D Multi-scale Navigation.Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsCHI '06New York, NY, USAMontréal, Québec, CanadaACM2006, 21--30URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1124772.1124776
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• 27 inproceedingsC.Caroline Appert, E.Emmanuel Pietriga, E.Eléonore Bartenlian and R.Rafael Morales González. Custom-made Tangible Interfaces with TouchTokens.International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI '18)Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Advanced Visual InterfacesGrosseto, ItalyACMMay 2018, 15
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• 28 articleM.Michel Beaudouin-Lafon, S.Stéphane Huot, M.Mathieu Nancel, W.Wendy Mackay, E.Emmanuel Pietriga, R.Romain Primet, J.Julie Wagner, O.Olivier Chapuis, C.Clément Pillias, J. R.James R. Eagan, T.Tony Gjerlufsen and C.Clemens Klokmose. Multisurface Interaction in the WILD Room.IEEE Computer4542012, 48-56
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• 29 inproceedingsJ.Johan Berndtsson and M.Maria Normark. The coordinative functions of flight strips: air traffic control work revisited.Proceedings of the international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group workGROUP '99Phoenix, Arizona, United StatesACM1999, 101--110URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/320297.320308
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• 30 bookJ.J. Bertin. Semiology of Graphics.University of Wisconsin Press1983
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• 31 articleA.Anastasia Bezerianos and R.Ravin Balakrishnan. View and Space Management on Large Displays.IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications2542005, 34-43
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• 32 inproceedingsA.Anastasia Bezerianos. Using alternative views for layout, comparison and context switching tasks in wall displays.OZCHI2007, 303-310
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• 33 inproceedingsD.David Bonnet, C.Caroline Appert and M.Michel Beaudouin-Lafon. Extending the Vocabulary of Touch Events with ThumbRock.Proceedings of Graphics InterfaceGI '13Regina, Saskatchewan, CanadaCIPS2013, 221-228
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• 34 inproceedingsO.Olivier Chapuis, A.Anastasia Bezerianos and S.Stelios Frantzeskakis. Smarties: An Input System for Wall Display Development.CHI '14Toronto, CanadaACMApril 2014, 2763-2772
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• 35 inproceedingsA.Anthony Collins, A.Anastasia Bezerianos, G.Gregor McEwan, M.Markus Rittenbruch, R.Rainer Wasinger and J.Judy Kay. Understanding File Access Mechanisms for Embedded Ubicomp Collaboration Interfaces.Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Ubiquitous ComputingUbiComp '09New York, NY, USAOrlando, Florida, USAACM2009, 135--144URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1620545.1620567
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• 36 bookM. R.M. R. EndsleyD. G.D. G. JonesDesigning for Situation Awareness: an Approach to User-Centered Design.370 pagesCRC Press, Taylor & Francis2012
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• 37 inproceedingsC.Clifton Forlines, A.Alan Esenther, C.Chia Shen, D.Daniel Wigdor and K.Kathy Ryall. Multi-user, Multi-display Interaction with a Single-user, Single-display Geospatial Application.Proceedings of the 19th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and TechnologyUIST '06Montreux, SwitzerlandACM2006, 273--276URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1166253.1166296
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• 38 articleJ.Jonathan Grudin. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: History and Focus.IEEE Computer275May 1994, 19--26URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2.291294
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• 39 bookT.T. Heath and C.Chris Bizer. Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space.Morgan & Claypool2011
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• 40 inproceedingsH.Hiroshi Ishii and B.Brygg Ullmer. Tangible Bits: Towards Seamless Interfaces Between People, Bits and Atoms.Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsCHI '97Atlanta, Georgia, USAACM1997, 234--241URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/258549.258715
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• 41 bookJ. A.J. A. Jacko. Human-Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies, and Emerging Applications, 3rd Edition.CRC Press2012
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• 42 inproceedingsC.Can Liu, O.Olivier Chapuis, M.Michel Beaudouin-Lafon, E.Eric Lecolinet and W.Wendy Mackay. Effects of Display Size and Navigation Type on a Classification Task.Proceedings of the 32nd international conference on Human factors in computing systemsCHI '14Toronto, CAACM2014, 4147-4156
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• 43 inproceedingsC.Can Liu, O.Olivier Chapuis, M.Michel Beaudouin-Lafon and E.Eric Lecolinet. Shared Interaction on a Wall-Sized Display in a Data Manipulation Task.Proceedings of the 34th international conference on Human factors in computing systemsCHI '16SigCHI and ACMSan Jose, United StatesMay 2016, 1-12
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• 44 articleW.Wendy Mackay. Is paper safer? The role of paper flight strips in air traffic control.ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact.64December 1999, 311--340URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/331490.331491
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• 45 inproceedingsR.Rafael Morales González, C.Caroline Appert, G.Gilles Bailly and E.Emmanuel Pietriga. Passive yet Expressive TouchTokens.Proceedings of the 35th SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in computing systemsDenver, United StatesMay 2017, 3741 - 3745
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• 46 inproceedingsR.Rafael Morales Gonzalez, C.Caroline Appert, G.Gilles Bailly and E.Emmanuel Pietriga. TouchTokens: Guiding Touch Patterns with Passive Tokens.Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsCHI '16San Jose, CA, United StatesACMMay 2016, 4189-4202
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• 47 bookT.T. Munzner. Visualization Analysis and Design.CRC Press2014
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• 48 inproceedingsM.Mathieu Nancel, O.Olivier Chapuis, E.Emmanuel Pietriga, X.-D.Xing-Dong Yang, P. P.Pourang P. Irani and M.Michel Beaudouin-Lafon. High-precision pointing on large wall displays using small handheld devices.Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsCHI '13Paris, FranceACM2013, 831--840URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2470654.2470773
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• 49 articleM.Mathieu Nancel, E.Emmanuel Pietriga, O.Olivier Chapuis and M.Michel Beaudouin-Lafon. Mid-air Pointing on Ultra-Walls.ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction225August 2015, 21:1--21:62
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• 50 inproceedingsH.Halla Olafsdottir and C.Caroline Appert. Multi-Touch Gestures for Discrete and Continuous Control.International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI)Como, ItalyMay 2014, 8
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• 51 inproceedingsH.Halla Olafsdottir, T.Theophanis Tsandilas and C.Caroline Appert. Prospective Motor Control on Tabletops: Planning Grasp for Multitouch Interaction.Proceedings of the 32nd international conference on Human factors in computing systemsCHI '14Toronto, CAACM2014, 2893-2902
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• 52 inproceedingsV.Vanessa Peña-Araya, A.Anastasia Bezerianos and E.Emmanuel Pietriga. A Comparison of Geographical Propagation Visualizations.CHI '20 - 38th SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in computing systemsHonolulu, United StatesApril 2020, 223:1--223:14
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• 53 inproceedingsE.Emmanuel Pietriga. A Toolkit for Addressing HCI Issues in Visual Language Environments.IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)IEEE Computer Society2005, 145-152
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• 54 inproceedingsE.Emmanuel Pietriga, C.Caroline Appert and M.Michel Beaudouin-Lafon. Pointing and beyond: an operationalization and preliminary evaluation of multi-scale searching.CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systemsSan Jose, California, USAACM Press2007, 1215--1224
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• 55 inproceedingsE.Emmanuel Pietriga and C.Caroline Appert. Sigma lenses: focus-context transitions combining space, time and translucence.CHI '08: Proceeding of the twenty-sixth annual CHI conference on Human factors in computing systemsFlorence, ItalyACM2008, 1343--1352
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• 56 articleE.Emmanuel Pietriga, O.Olivier Bau and C.Caroline Appert. Representation-Independent In-Place Magnification with Sigma Lenses.IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (TVCG)16032010, 455-467
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• 57 inproceedingsE.Emmanuel Pietriga, H.Hande Gözükan, C.Caroline Appert, M.Marie Destandau, Š.Šejla Ċebirić, F.François Goasdoué and I.Ioana Manolescu. Browsing Linked Data Catalogs with LODAtlas.ISWC 2018 - 17th International Semantic Web ConferenceMonterey, United StatesSpringerOctober 2018, 137-153
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• 58 inproceedingsE.Emmanuel Pietriga, S.Stéphane Huot, M.Mathieu Nancel and R.Romain Primet. Rapid development of user interfaces on cluster-driven wall displays with jBricks.Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systemsEICS '11Pisa, ItalyACM2011, 185--190URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1996461.1996518
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• 59 inproceedingsC.Cyprien Pindat, E.Emmanuel Pietriga, O.Olivier Chapuis and C.Claude Puech. Drilling into complex 3D models with gimlenses.Proceedings of the 19th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and TechnologyVRST '13SingaporeACM2013, 223--230URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2503713.2503714
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• 60 inproceedingsC.Cyprien Pindat, E.Emmanuel Pietriga, O.Olivier Chapuis and C.Claude Puech. JellyLens: Content-Aware Adaptive Lenses.UIST - 25th Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology - 2012Proceedings of the 25th Symposium on User Interface Software and TechnologyACMCambridge, MA, United StatesACMOctober 2012, 261-270
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• 61 articleN.N. Shadbolt, T.T. Berners-Lee and W.W. Hall. The Semantic Web Revisited.IEEE Intelligent Systems2132006, 96-101URL: http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MIS.2006.62
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• 62 articleO.Orit Shaer and E.Eva Hornecker. Tangible User Interfaces: Past, Present, and Future Directions.Found. Trends Hum.-Comput. Interact.31–2January 2010, 1--137URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1100000026
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• 63 bookB.B. Shneiderman and C.C. Plaisant. Designing the User Interface, 4th Edition.Pearson Addison Wesley2005
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• 64 inproceedingsD.Daniel Spelmezan, C.Caroline Appert, O.Olivier Chapuis and E.Emmanuel Pietriga. Controlling widgets with one power-up button.Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technologyUIST '13St. Andrews, Scotland, United KingdomACM2013, 71--74URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2501988.2502025
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• 65 inproceedingsD.Daniel Spelmezan, C.Caroline Appert, O.Olivier Chapuis and E.Emmanuel Pietriga. Side pressure for bidirectional navigation on small devices.Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and servicesMobileHCI '13Munich, GermanyACM2013, 11--20URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2493190.2493199
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• 66 articleG.Guillaume Touya and J.-F.Jean-François Girres. ScaleMaster 2.0: a ScaleMaster extension to monitor automatic multi-scales generalizations.Cartography and Geographic Information Science4032013, 192--200URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2013.809233
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• 67 inproceedingsG.Guillaume Touya. Social Welfare to Assess the Global Legibility of a Generalized Map.International Conference on Geographic InformationSpringer2012, 198--211URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33024-7_15
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• 68 inproceedingsT.Theophanis Tsandilas, C.Caroline Appert, A.Anastasia Bezerianos and D.David Bonnet. Coordination of Tilt and Touch in One- and Two-Handed Use.Proceedings of the 32nd international conference on Human factors in computing systemsCHI '14Toronto, CAACM2014, 2001-2004
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• 69 inproceedingsT.Theophanis Tsandilas, A.Anastasia Bezerianos and T.Thibaut Jacob. SketchSliders: Sketching Widgets for Visual Exploration on Wall Displays.Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsACMSeoul, South KoreaApril 2015, 3255-3264
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• 70 bookC.Colin Ware. Information visualization: perception for design.Elsevier2012
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• 71 articleS.Shumin Zhai, P. O.Per Ola Kristensson, C.Caroline Appert, T. H.Tue Haste Andersen and X.Xiang Cao. Foundational Issues in Touch-Screen Stroke Gesture Design - An Integrative Review.Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction52December 2012, 97-205
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