2.1 Programming securely with cryptography

In recent years, an increasing amount of sensitive data is being generated, manipulated, and accessed online, from bank accounts to health records. Both national security and individual privacy have come to rely on the security of web-based software applications. But even a single design flaw or implementation bug in an application may be exploited by a malicious criminal to steal, modify, or forge the private records of innocent users. Such attacks are becoming increasingly common and now affect millions of users every year.

The risks of deploying insecure software are too great to tolerate anything less than mathematical proof, but applications have become too large for security experts to examine by hand, and automated verification tools do not scale. Today, there is not a single widely-used web application for which we can give a proof of security, even against a small class of attacks. In fact, design and implementation flaws are still found in widely-distributed and thoroughly-vetted security libraries designed and implemented by experts.

Software security is in crisis. A focused research effort is needed if security programming and analysis techniques are to keep up with the rapid development and deployment of security-critical distributed applications based on new cryptographic protocols and secure hardware devices. The goal of our team Prosecco is to draw upon our expertise in cryptographic protocols and program verification to make decisive contributions in this direction.

Our vision is that, over its lifetime, Prosecco will contribute to making the use of formal techniques when programming with cryptography as natural as the use of a software debugger. To this end, our long-term goals are to design and implement programming language abstractions, cryptographic models, verification tools, and verified security libraries that developers can use to deploy provably secure distributed applications. Our target applications include cryptographic libraries, network protocol implementations, web applications, and cloud-based web services. In particular, we aim to verify full software applications, including both the cryptographic core and the high-level application code. Furthermore, we aim to verify implementations, not just models. Finally, we aim to account for computational cryptography, not just its symbolic abstraction.

We identify five key focus areas for our research in the short- to medium term.

3.1 Symbolic verification of cryptographic applications

Despite decades of experience, designing and implementing cryptographic applications remains dangerously error-prone, even for experts. This is partly because cryptographic security is an inherently hard problem, and partly because automated verification tools require carefully-crafted inputs and are not widely applicable. To take just the example of TLS, a widely-deployed and well-studied cryptographic protocol designed, implemented, and verified by security experts, the lack of a formal proof about all its details has regularly led to the discovery of major attacks (including several in Prosecco) on both the protocol and its implementations, after many years of unsuspecting use.

As a result, the automated verification for cryptographic applications is an active area of research, with a wide variety of tools being employed for verifying different kinds of applications.

In previous work, we have developed the following approaches:

• ProVerif: a symbolic prover for cryptographic protocol models
• F*: a new language that enables the verification of cryptographic applications

3.2 Computational verification of cryptographic applications

Proofs done by cryptographers in the computational model are mostly manual. Our goal is to provide computer support to build or verify these proofs. In order to reach this goal, we have designed the automatic tool CryptoVerif, which generates proofs by sequences of games. We already applied it to important protocols such as TLS 49 and Signal 66 but more work is still needed in order to develop this approach, so that it is easier to apply to more protocols.

Another tool we develop, called the Squirrel Prover, uses a symbolic approach called the compuatationally complete symbolic adversary (CCSA)  45 to verify cryptographic protocols in the computational model. Squirrel is an interactive theorem prover, hence provides less automation than CryptoVerif, but allows the user to guide the proof more easily when complex arguments are needed; and it is better-suited for some protocols, notably for stateful protocols.

A third approach is to directly verify executable cryptographic code by typing. A recent work 61 shows how to use refinement typechecking to prove computational security for protocol implementations. In this method, henceforth referred to as computational F*, typechecking is used as the main step to justify a classic game-hopping proof of computational security. The correctness of this method is based on a probabilistic semantics of F# programs and crucially relies on uses of type abstraction and parametricity to establish strong security properties, such as indistinguishability.

In principle, the three approaches—game-based proofs in CryptoVerif, interactive proofs in Squirrel, and typechecking proofs in F*—are complementary. Understanding how to combine these approaches remains an open and active topic of research. For example, CryptoVerif can generate OCaml implementations from CryptoVerif specifications that have been proved secure 58. We are currently working on this approach to generate implementations in F*.

3.3 F*: A Higher-Order Effectful Language for Program Verification

F* 77, 41 is a verification system for effectful programs developed collaboratively by Inria and Microsoft Research. It puts together the automation of an SMT-backed deductive verification tool with the expressive power of a proof assistant based on dependent types. After verification, F* programs can be extracted to efficient OCaml, F#, or C code 74. This enables verifying the functional correctness and security of realistic applications. F*'s type system includes dependent types, monadic effects, refinement types, and a weakest precondition calculus. Together, these features allow expressing precise and compact specifications for programs, including functional correctness and security properties. The F* type-checker aims to prove that programs meet their specifications using a combination of SMT solving and interactive proofs. The main ongoing use case of F* is building a verified, drop-in replacement for the whole HTTPS stack in Project Everest. This includes verified implementations of TLS 1.2 and 1.3 51 and of the underlying cryptographic primitives 79, 73, 72.

3.4 Efficient Formally Secure Compilers to a Tagged Architecture

Severe low-level vulnerabilities abound in today’s computer systems, allowing cyber-attackers to remotely gain full control. This happens in big part because our programming languages, compilers, and architectures were designed in an era of scarce hardware resources and too often trade off security for efficiency. The semantics of mainstream low-level languages like C is inherently insecure, and even for safer languages, establishing security with respect to a high-level semantics does not guarantee the absence of low-level attacks. Secure compilation using the coarse-grained protection mechanisms provided by mainstream hardware architectures would be too inefficient for most practical scenarios.

We aim to leverage emerging hardware capabilities for fine-grained protection to build the first, efficient secure compilation chains for realistic low-level programming languages (the C language, and Low* a safe subset of C embedded in F* for verification 74). These compilation chains will provide a secure semantics for all programs and will ensure that high-level abstractions cannot be violated even when interacting with untrusted low-level code. To achieve this level of security without sacrificing efficiency, our secure compilation chains target a tagged architecture 42, which associates a metadata tag to each word and efficiently propagates and checks tags according to software-defined rules. We hope to experimentally evaluate and carefully optimize the efficiency of our secure compilation chains on realistic workloads and standard benchmark suites. We are also using property-based testing and formal verification to provide high confidence that our compilation chains are indeed secure. Formally, we are constructing machine-checked proofs of a new security criterion we call robustly safe compilation, which is defined as the preservation of safety properties even against an adversarial context 40, 39. This strong criterion complements compiler correctness and ensures that no machine-code attacker can do more harm to securely compiled components than a component already could with respect to a secure source-level semantics.

3.5 Provably secure web applications

Web applications are fast becoming the dominant programming platform for new software, probably because they offer a quick and easy way for developers to deploy and sell their apps to a large number of customers. Third-party web-based apps for Facebook, Apple, and Google, already number in the hundreds of thousands and are likely to grow in number. Many of these applications store and manage private user data, such as health information, credit card data, and GPS locations. To protect this data, applications tend to use an ad hoc combination of cryptographic primitives and protocols. Since designing cryptographic applications is easy to get wrong even for experts, we believe this is an opportune moment to develop security libraries and verification techniques to help web application programmers.

As a typical example, consider commercial password managers, such as LastPass, RoboForm, and 1Password. They are implemented as browser-based web applications that, for a monthly fee, offer to store a user's passwords securely on the web and synchronize them across all of the user's computers and smartphones. The passwords are encrypted using a master password (known only to the user) and stored in the cloud. Hence, no-one except the user should ever be able to read her passwords. When the user visits a web page that has a login form, the password manager asks the user to decrypt her password for this website and automatically fills in the login form. Hence, the user no longer has to remember passwords (except her master password) and all her passwords are available on every computer she uses.

Password managers are available as browser extensions for mainstream browsers such as Firefox, Chrome, and Internet Explorer, and as downloadable apps for Android and Apple phones. So, seen as a distributed application, each password manager application consists of a web service (written in PHP or Java), some number of browser extensions (written in JavaScript), and some smartphone apps (written in Java or Objective C). Each of these components uses a different cryptographic library to encrypt and decrypt password data. How do we verify the correctness of all these components?

We propose three approaches. For client-side web applications and browser extensions written in JavaScript, we propose to build a static and dynamic program analysis framework to verify security invariants. To this end, we have developed two security-oriented type systems for JavaScript, Defensive JavaScript  59  and TS* 76, and used them to guarantee security properties for a number of JavaScript applications. For Android smartphone apps and web services written in Java, we propose to develop annotated JML cryptography libraries that can be used with static analysis tools like ESC/Java to verify the security of application code. For clients and web services written in F# for the .NET platform, we propose to use F* to verify their correctness. We also propose to translate verified F* web applications to JavaScript via a verified compiler that preserves the semantics of F* programs in JavaScript.

3.6 Design and Verification of next-generation protocols: identity, blockchains, and messaging

Building on our work on verifying and re-designing pre-existing protocols like TLS and Web Security in general, with the resources provided by the NEXTLEAP project, we are working on both designing and verifying new protocols in rapidly emerging areas like identity, blockchains, and secure messaging. These are all areas where existing protocols, such as the heavily used OAuth protocol, are in need of considerable re-design in order to maintain privacy and security properties. Other emerging areas, such as blockchains and secure messaging, can have modifications to existing pre-standard proposals or even a complete 'clean slate' design. As shown by Prosecco's work, newer standards, such as IETF OAuth, W3C Web Crypto, and W3C Web Authentication API, can have vulnerabilities fixed before standardization is complete and heavily deployed. We hope that the tools used by Prosecco can shape the design of new protocols even before they are shipped to standards bodies. We are currently contributing to the design and analysis of new extensions to the TLS protocol, such as Encrypted Client Hello, new secure messaging protocol such as IETF Messaging Layer Security (MLS), and to IoT protocols like the IETF Lightweight Authenticated Key Exchange (LAKE).

4.1 High-Assurance Cryptographic Libraries

Cryptographic libraries implement algorithms for symmetric and asymmetric encryption, digital signatures, message authentication, hashing, and key exchange. Popular libraries like OpenSSL, NSS, and BoringSSL are widely used in web browsers, operating system, and cloud services. We aim to apply our tools and verification techniques to build high-assurance high-performance cryptographic libraries that can be deployed in mainstream software applications. Our flagship project is HACL*, a verified cryptographic library that is written in the F* programming language.

4.2 Design and Analysis of Protocol Standards

Cryptographic protocol standards such as TLS, SSH, IPSec, and Kerberos are the trusted base on which the security of modern distributed systems is built. Our work enables the analysis and verification of such protocols, both in their design and implementation. We participate in standards organizations like the IETF and collaborate with industry groups to help them design and deploy secure protocols. For example, we built and verified models and reference implementations for the well-known TLS 1.3 protocol, using our tools ProVerif and CryptoVerif, before it was standardaized at he IETF and contributed to the protocol's final design.

4.3 Web application security

Web applications use a variety of cryptographic techniques to securely store and exchange sensitive data for their users. For example, a website may serve pages over HTTPS, authenticate users with a single sign-on protocol such as OAuth, encrypt user files on the server-side using XML encryption, and deploy client-side cryptographic mechanisms using a JavaScript cryptographic library. The security of these applications depends on the public key infrastructure (X.509 certificates), web browsers' implementation of HTTPS and the same origin policy (SOP), the semantics of JavaScript, HTML5, and their various associated security standards, as well as the correctness of the specific web application code of interest. We build analysis tools to find bugs in all these artifacts and verification tools that can analyze commercial web applications and evaluate their security against sophisticated web-based attacks.

5.1 Footprint of research activities

Our team's work focuses on the design, analysis, and implementation of cryptographic protocols. As such, we are dedicated to improving the security and privacy of all Web users. The output of our research is used, for example, to protect HTTPS connections used daily by millions of Mozilla Firefox users. On the whole, we strive to perform ethical research that improves the digital lives of citizens everywhere.

Our research does not by itself have any environmental impact, but our team does travel to conferences, and we regularly host international visitors, which incurs multiple international flights each year.

6.1 Awards

• Adrien Koutsos won a Distinguished Paper Award at IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium
• Denis Merigoux won the Prix de thèse Gilles Kahn for his Ph.D. dissertation
• Aymeric Fromherz won the ACM SIGSAC Dissertation award and the A.G. Milnes Award for his Ph.D. dissertation
• Karthikeyan Bhargavan was awarded an ERC Proof Of Concept Grant (Cryspen)

7.1 New software

7.2 New platforms

No new platforms in 2022

8.1 Verification of security protocols in the symbolic model: ProVerif

Participants: Bruno Blanchet, Vincent Cheval.

Bruno Blanchet, Vincent Cheval, and Véronique Cortier published a paper at IEEE Security and Privacy 2022 17 on important improvements of ProVerif: 1) support for integer counters, with incrementation and inequality tests, 2) lemmas and axioms to give intermediate results to ProVerif, which it exploits to help proving subsequent queries, by deriving additional information in the Horn clauses that it uses to perform the proofs, 3) proofs by induction on the length of the trace, by giving as lemma the property to prove, but obviously for strictly shorter traces, 4) temporal queries, which allow to order events. The soundness of these features is proved (by hand). Moreover, many algorithms used in ProVerif (generation of clauses, resolution, subsumption ...) were optimized, resulting in impressive speedups on large examples.

8.2 Verification of security protocols in the computational model: CryptoVerif

Participants: Karthikeyan Bhargavan, Bruno Blanchet, Benjamin Lipp.

Bruno Blanchet continued the development of our protocol verification tool CryptoVerif. The new features of this year are detailed in the section on software. We used the recent extensions to deal with security proofs in the presence of compromise of keys, filling gaps in important previous case studies: in particular, we proved forward secrecy with respect to the compromise of the pre-shared key in the PSK-DHE (pre-shared key and Diffie-Hellman) key exchange of TLS 1.3 and in the VPN protocol WireGuard.

Benjamin Lipp, Bruno Blanchet, and Karthikeyan Bhargavan implemented a compiler from CryptoVerif models to executable F* implementations. This compiler extends a previous translation from CryptoVerif to OCaml by generating lemmas for equational assumptions made on primitives in CryptoVerif. These assumptions can then be proved in F*. For instance, we prove that message parsing composed with the corresponding serialization is the identity. In the future, we plan to translate the security properties proved by CryptoVerif into F*, so that these properties can be assumed in subsequent F* proofs.

In collaboration with Pierre-Yves Strub (Ecole Polytechnique), Pierre Boutry, Benjamin Grégoire (Inria Sophia), and Christian Doczkal (MPI-SP), team member Bruno Blanchet worked on a translation from CryptoVerif security assumptions on primitives to EasyCrypt. These assumptions can then be proven in EasyCrypt from lower-level cryptographic assumptions. This is useful since CryptoVerif provides a high degree of automation but is better at proving protocols than primitives, while EasyCrypt has the expressive power needed to reason both about protocols and about the correctness of primitives, but this expressive power comes at the cost of providing less automation. Hence, proving primitives in EasyCrypt and protocols in CryptoVerif provides the best trade-off. We applied our approach to the proof of the Computational Diffie-Hellman (CDH) and Gap Diffie-Hellman (GDH) models in CryptoVerif (which include several Diffie-Hellman pairs and allow key compromise) from the standard CDH, resp. GDH, assumption for one Diffie-Hellman pair. We also applied it to an authenticated Key Encapsulation Mechanism (AKEM).

8.3 Verification of Security Protocols in the Computational Model: Squirrel

Participants: Adrien Koutsos, Charlie Jacomme.

In collaboration with David Baelde, Stephanie Delaune, Charlie Jacomme and Solene Moreau, Adrien Koutsos designed a new framework and an interactive prover – the Squirrel Prover – allowing to mechanize proofs of security protocols for an arbitrary number of sessions in the computational model. This framework consists of a meta-logic based upon the CCSA logic  46, and a proof system for deriving security properties. Proofs in Squirrel only deal with high-level, symbolic representations of protocol executions, similar to proofs in the symbolic model, but providing security guarantees at the computational level. We have performed a number of case studies in Squirrel, covering a variety of primitives (e.g. hashes, encryption) and security properties (e.g. authentication, unlinkability). This work has been published at IEEE Security and Privacy 2021  43, and the Squirrel Prover is open source, and continues to be developed.

Squirrel approach to protocol security is complementary w.r.t. existing tools in the computational model (e.g. CryptoVerif or EasyCrypt). Squirrel particularly shines when analyzing stateful protocols (i.e. protocols with mutable state such as key updates, counters, etc.), which are often out-of-reach of existing tools, or require a very large amount of work. Work in that direction started, and early results have been presented at the LFMTP'21 workshop  44.

In 2022, we finished our extention of the tool to handle stateful protocols. We also extended Squirrel's proof system to be able to express the complex proof arguments that are sometimes required for these protocols: i) Squirrel now supports arguments mixing reachability and equivalence reasoning; ii) we added a bi-deduction proof system, which can be used to automatically simplify or close proof goals involving deducibility arguments. These theoretical contributions have been implemented in Squirrel and validated on a number of case studies, including a proof of the YubiKey and YubiHSM protocols. This work has been published at the IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium 2022 14, where it won a Distinguished Paper Award.

8.4 High-Assurance High-Performance Crypto

Participants: Karthikeyan Bhargavan, Marina Polubelova, Benjamin Beurdouche, Natalia Kulatova, Jonathan Protzenko, Adrien Koutsos, Aymeric Fromherz.

Since 2017, we maintain and distribute the HACL* verified cryptographic library, which is currently deployed in many mainstream software applications and high-performance networking stacks including Mozilla Firefox, Linux Kernel, WireGuard VPN, Microsoft WinQuic, Tezos Blockchain, and ElectionGuard.

While HACL* includes best-in-class C implementations of many popular cryptographic algorithms, on certain platforms, significantly improved performance can be obtained by exploiting low-level instructions that are only available to assembly code. The EverCrypt API brings together verified C code from HACL* with verified Intel assembly code from the Vale project and packages them in a verified multiplexed agile API that can be conveniently used by applications. Our work resulted in a new release of HACL* and a paper at the IEEE Security and Privacy conference 73.

In a second line of work, we propose a new methodology called HACLxN for building formally verified cryptographic code that exploits single-instruction multiple data (SIMD) parallelism. We show how to write and verify code once and then compile it to multiple platforms that support vector instructions, including ARM Neon and Intel AVX, AVX2, and AVX512. We apply our methodology to obtain verified vectorized implementations in C on all these platforms for the ChaCha20 encryption algorithm, the Poly1305 one-time MAC, and the SHA-2 and Blake2 families of hash algorithms. The resulting C code has performance that is comparable to hand-optimized assembly for these platforms. This work led to a new release of HACL* and a paper at ACM CCS 2020 72. This year we extended HACL* with code for more primitives, such as RSA-PSS and FFDHE, based on a generic verified Bignum library. We also added support for IBMz and Power architectures.

High-assurance cryptography aims at building efficient cryptographic software with machine-checked proofs of memory safety, functional correctness, provable security, and absence of timing leaks. Traditionally, these guarantees are established under a sequential execution semantics. However, this semantics does not correspond to the behavior of modern processors, that make use of speculative execution to improve performance. This semantics mismatch has been exploited to conduct attacks (e.g. Spectre). In a new line of work, published at IEEE Security and Privacy 2021  47, we showed that the benefits of high-assurance cryptography can be extended to speculative execution, costing only a modest performance overhead. To do this, we built atop the Jasmin verification framework an end-to-end approach for proving properties of cryptographic software under speculative execution. This approach has been validated experimentally with efficient, functionally correct assembly implementations of ChaCha20 and Poly1305, which have been proved secure against both traditional timing and speculative execution attacks.

8.5 Verification of cryptographic protocol implementations in the symbolic model: the DY* framework

Participants: Karthikeyan Bhargavan.

In collaboration with colleagues at the University of Stuttgart and IIT Gandhinagar, we developed DY*, a new formal verification framework for the symbolic security analysis of cryptographic protocol code written in the F* programming language. Unlike automated symbolic provers, our framework accounts for advanced protocol features like unbounded loops and mutable recursive data structures, as well as low-level implementation details like protocol state machines and message formats, which are often at the root of real-world attacks.

Our work extends a long line of research on using dependent type systems for this task, but takes a fundamentally new approach by explicitly modeling the global trace-based semantics within the framework, hence bridging the gap between trace-based and type-based protocol analyses. This approach enables us to uniformly, precisely, and soundly model, for the first time using dependent types, long-lived mutable protocol state, equational theories, fine-grained dynamic corruption, and trace-based security properties like forward secrecy and post-compromise security.

DY* is built as a library of F* modules that includes a model of low-level protocol execution, a Dolev-Yao symbolic attacker, and generic security abstractions and lemmas, all verified using F*. The library exposes a high-level API that facilitates succinct security proofs for protocol code. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach through a detailed symbolic security analysis of the Signal protocol that is based on an interoperable implementation of the protocol from prior work, and is the first mechanized proof of Signal to account for forward and post-compromise security over an unbounded number of protocol rounds.

The design of DY* and a detailed analysis of Signal was published at IEEE Euro S&P 2021  48. This year, we applied DY* to the formal analysis of the Noise family of cryptographic protocols, which was publised at IEEE S&P 2022 21.

8.6 Extensions to F*

Participants: Aymeric Fromherz, Denis Merigoux.

Since 2010, our group contributes to the design, implementation, and application of the F* programming language and verification work.

In 2020, we developed a semantics for concurrent separation logic (CSL), called SteelCore, within the F* proof assistant in a manner that enables dependently-typed, effectful F* programs to make use of concurrency and to be specified and verified using a full-featured, extensible CSL. In contrast to prior approaches, we directly derive the partial-correctness Hoare rules for CSL from the denotation of computations in the effectful semantics of non-deterministically interleaved atomic actions. Demonstrating the flexibility of our semantics, we build generic, verified libraries that support various concurrency constructs, ranging from dynamically allocated, storable spin locks, to protocol-indexed channels. This work has led to on ongoing re-architecture of the core of the F* framework, and was published at ICFP 2020  78.

This work was extended to provide a framework, called Steel  62, for developing and proving concurrent programs embedded in F*. Building on top of the SteelCore concurrent separation logic, Steel proposes a new formalism of Hoare quintuples which involve both separation logic and first-order logic, and enable an efficient verification condition generation and proof discharge using a combination of tactics and SMT solving. We show how verification conditions in Steel can be expressed as a system of associativity-commutativity (AC) unification constraints and develop tactics to (partially) solve these constraints using AC-matching modulo SMT-dischargeable equations. This work was published at ICFP 2021  62.

New work this year focused on the development of core libraries and improved usability of the framework, which led to a demonstration at the JFLA 2022 25.

8.7 Formalizing and Implementing Tax Law

Participants: Denis Merigoux, Aymeric Fromherz.

In France, income tax is computed from taxpayers' individual returns, using an algorithm that is authored, designed and maintained by the French Public Finances Directorate (DGFiP). Owing to the shortcomings of its custom programming language and the technical limitations of the compiler, the algorithm is proving harder and harder to maintain, relying on ad-hoc behaviors and workarounds to implement the most recent changes in tax law. As an improvement to this infrastructure, we developed Mlang, an open-source compiler toolchain that has been thoroughly validated against the private DGFiP test suite. Mlang has a formal semantics; eliminates previous handwritten workarounds in C; compiles to modern languages (Python); and enables a variety of instrumentations, providing deep insights about the essence of French income tax computation. The DGFiP is now officially transitioning to Mlang for their production system. This line of work has yielded papers at CC 2020  70 and JFLA  69, as well as a successful industrial technology transfer from Inria to DGFiP.

2021 has seen the development of a new domain-specific language, Catala, targeted specifically for legal expert systems. This new domain-specific language has been built in close collaboration with lawyers, and advertised to that community with a number of legal-oriented papers  65, 64. On the formal methods side, the simple and clean design of the Catala semantics  68 allows for extension into a proper proof platform for the law 27.

8.8 Semantic foundations for cost analysis of pipeline-optimized programs

Participants: Adrien Koutsos.

In collaboration with colleagues at Université de Rennes and the Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy, we developed semantic foundations for the precise cost analyses of programs running on architectures with multi-scalar pipelines and in-order execution with branch prediction. We then used this model to prove the correction of an automatic cost analysis we designed, which is based on abstract interpretation techniques. The analysis is implemented and evaluated in the Jasmin framework for high-assurance cryptography.

This work has been published at the Static Analysis Symposium 15 in 2022.

8.9 Symbolic Analysis of Privacy for TLS 1.3 with Encrypted Client Hello

Participants: Karthikeyan Bhargavan, Vincent Cheval.

In collaboration with Karthikeyan Bhargavan and Christopher Wood, we (Vincent Cheval) wrote a paper on an complete analysis of Privacy for TLS 1.3 with the new extension Encrypted Client Hello. In this paper, we present the first mechanized formal analysis of privacy properties for TLS 1.3. We study all standard modes of TLS 1.3 with and without ECH using the symoblic protocol analyze ProVerif. We discuss attacks on ECH, some found during the course of this study, and show how they are accounted for in the latest version. This work appeared at CCS 2022 (long version 31).

8.10 Symbolic protocol verification of equivalences in the presence of probabilities

Participants: Vincent Cheval.

In collaboration with Raphaëlle Crubillé and Steve Kremer, we (Vincent Cheval) wrote a paper on the symbolic protocol verification of process equivalences in the presence of probabilities. In symbolic models, probabilities are most often abstracted typically assuming that computations that succeed with neglibible probability (e.g. guessing random numbers, breaking encryption shceme) are impossible. This work takes a look at probabilities that occurs in the control flow of the protocol where they are not negligible, for example when the protocol relies on a toin coss. We introduce a process calculus with a choice operator, namely the probabilistic applied pi calculus; and we define and explore the relationships between several behavioral equivalences in the general settings. However, as mixing non-deterministic and probabilitic choices can lead to unrealistic behaviors, we also look at two subclasses of processes that avoid this problem. In particular, we look at purely non-deterministic protocols in the presence of a probabilitic attackers as well as purely probabilistic processes. This paper appeared at IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium (CSF'22) 19 (long version 32).

8.11 Protocol verification platform: SAPIC+

Participants: Vincent Cheval, Charlie Jacomme.

In collaboration with Charlie Jacomme, Steve Kremer and Robert Künnemann, we (Vincent Cheval) wrote a paper on a major extension of the compiler SAPIC and developed the new protocol verification platform called SAPIC+. Originally, SAPIC was a compiler from a applied-pi calculus-like model to the automated verifier TAMARIN. We extended it with automated translations from SAPIC+ to PROVERIF and DEEPSEC, as well as powerful, protocol-independent optimizations of the existing translation. We prove each part of these translations sound. A user can thus, with a single SAPIC+ file, verify reachability and equivalence properties on the specified protocol, either using PROVERIF, TAMARIN or DEEPSEC. Moreover, the soundness of the translation allows to directly assume results proven by another tool which allows to exploit the respective strengths of each tool. We demonstrate our approach by analyzing various existing models (e.g. LAKE, Privacy-Pass protocols, SSH, KEMTLS). This paper appeared at USENIX Security 2022 20.

In collaboration with Elise Klein, Steve Kremer and Maïwenn Racouchot, we (Charlie Jacomme) used the SAPIC+ platform, and thus the underlying tools PROVERIF, TAMARIN and DEEPSEC, to perform an extensive analysis of a new security protocol, LAKE-EDHOC. It is a protocol under standardization at the IETF, and we have been following its development from draft 13 to 18. We verified over draft 13 all the security claims of the standard by making a model of the protocol as precise as possible. Our analysis involved the automated verification of hundreds of scenarios involving distinct attacker capabilities and primitive models. We uncovered in the process multiple weaknesses of the protocol that were acknowledged by the developers of the protocol, as well as fixed in later versions according to our verification. We kept our models up to date until the final version of the standard, where our models confirm the various security claims of the standard. This paper is to appear at USENIX Security 2023 22.

8.12 Verification of Rust programs: Aeneas and hacspec

Participants: Son Ho, Jonathan Protzenko, Aymeric Fromherz, Karthikeyan Bhargavan, Lucas Franceschino, Denis Merigoux.

In collaboration with Jonathan Protzenko, Son Ho developed on a new verification toolchain for Rust programs called Aeneas. Aeneas leverages Rust's rich region-based type system to eliminate memory reasoning for a large class of Rust programs, as long as they do not rely on interior mutability or unsafe code. Doing so, Aeneas relieves the proof engineer of the burden of memory-based reasoning, allowing them to instead focus on functional properties of their code. Aeneas proposes a new Low-Level Borrow Calculus (LLBC) that captures a large subset of Rust programs, and a translation from LLBC to a pure lambda-calculus, which enables the verification of Rust programs through different theorem provers. Aeneas was presented at ICFP 2022 12

Karthikeyan Bhargavan and Lucas Franceschino worked on the development of hacspec, a purely functional subset of Rust that is used to specify and verify cryptographic algorithms. Specifications in hacspec can be compiled to F* and Coq, and an EasyCrypt backend is being developed. The hacspec framework has been used to specify a large set of cryptographic algorithms and is being used as part of new standardization efforts.

8.13 Equational proofs for distributed cryptographic protocols: tool IPDL

Participants: Kristina Sojakova.

Joint work with Joshua Gancher, Leo Fan, Elaine Shi, and Greg Morrisett, to appear at the Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL 2023). Short for Interactive Probabilistic Dependency Logic, IPDL is a process calculus specifically designed to prove observational equivalences between message-passing protocols using equational techniques. The logic for approximate equivalence is sound in the computational model: whenever we construct a proof that two families of protocols indexed by the security parameter are approximately equivalent, then no probabilistic polynomial-time distinguisher can distinguish them with greater than negligible error.

The approach of IPDL is complementary to that of Squirrel and Cryptoverif. IPDL is designed to express and prove observational equivalences between protocols that are structurally dissimilar, for example because they employ different internal communication topologies. Secondly, IPDL is compositional, in the sense that we can embed security proofs for subprotocols into larger proof developments. Finally, Both Squirrel and CryptoVerif assume that protocol participants only communicate through the adversary, who controls the untrusted network. This restriction does not exist in IPDL, and as a result we can model many different kinds of dataflow in protocols, such as ideal communication channels between parties and functionalities. For instance, to construct a secure channel using the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange, we first prove that the sender and receiver can securely exchange a secret key according to the Diffie-Hellman protocol. Once the security of the DHKE exchange has been established, by compositionality it suffices to show that that the sender and receiver can create a secure channel from an idealized key exchange.

Due to the equational style of the logic, the proof effort in IPDL is reasonably low, with proof scripts mostly consisting of bookkeeping around the introduction, substitution, and elimination of channels used for internal communication and computation. With additional proof engineering, the bulk of the bookkeeping steps can likely be eliminated. Current collaboration with Mihai Codescu, a research engineer, aims to use Maude, a fast rewriting engine, to create a semi-automated prover for IPDL.

8.14 Noise*: A Library of Verified High-Performance Secure Channel Protocol Implementations

Participants: Son Ho, Jonathan Protzenko, Karthikeyan Bhargavan.

The Noise protocol framework defines a succinct notation and execution framework for a large class of 59+ secure channel protocols, some of which are used in popular applications such as WhatsApp and WireGuard.

In a collaboration between Son Ho, Jonathan Protzenko, Abhishek Bichhawat, and Karthikeyan Bhargavan, we built a verified implementation of a Noise protocol compiler that takes any Noise protocol, and produces an optimized C implementation with extensive correctness and security guarantees. To this end, we formalize the complete Noise stack in F*, from the low-level cryptographic library to a high-level API. We write our compiler also in F*, prove that it meets our formal specification once and for all, and then specialize it on-demand for any given Noise protocol, relying on a novel technique called hybrid embedding. We thus establish functional correctness, memory safety and a form of side-channel resistance for the generated C code for each Noise protocol. We propagate these guarantees to the high-level API, using defensive dynamic checks to prevent incorrect uses of the protocol. Finally, we formally state and prove the security of our Noise code, by building on a symbolic model of cryptography in F*, and formally link high-level API security goals stated in terms of security levels to low-level cryptographic guarantees.

Ours are the first comprehensive verification results for a protocol compiler that targets C code and the first verified implementations of any Noise protocol. This work was published at IEEE S&P 2022 21.

9.1 Bilateral grants with industry

10.1 International initiatives

10.2 European initiatives

10.3 National initiatives

11.1 Promoting scientific activities

11.2 Teaching - Supervision - Juries

12.1 Major publications

• 1 articleM.Martín Abadi, B.Bruno Blanchet and C.Cédric Fournet. The Applied Pi Calculus: Mobile Values, New Names, and Secure Communication.Journal of the ACM (JACM)651October 2017, 1 - 103
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• 2 inproceedingsD.David Baelde, S.Stéphanie Delaune, C.Charlie Jacomme, A.Adrien Koutsos and S.Solène Moreau. An Interactive Prover for Protocol Verification in the Computational Model.SP 2021 - 42nd IEEE Symposium on Security and PrivacyProceedings of the 42nd IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P'21)San Fransisco / Virtual, United StatesMay 2021
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• 3 inproceedingsK.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, B.Bruno Blanchet and N.Nadim Kobeissi. Verified Models and Reference Implementations for the TLS 1.3 Standard Candidate.38th IEEE Symposium on Security and PrivacySan Jose, United StatesMay 2017, 483 - 502
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• 4 inproceedingsK.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, A.Antoine Delignat-Lavaud, C.Cédric Fournet, A.Alfredo Pironti and P.-Y.Pierre-Yves Strub. Triple Handshakes and Cookie Cutters: Breaking and Fixing Authentication over TLS.IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (Oakland)2014, 98--113
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• 5 inproceedingsB.Bruno Blanchet, V.Vincent Cheval and V.Véronique Cortier. ProVerif with Lemmas, Induction, Fast Subsumption, and Much More.S&P'22 - 43rd IEEE Symposium on Security and PrivacySan Francisco, United StatesMay 2022
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• 6 articleB.Bruno Blanchet. Modeling and Verifying Security Protocols with the Applied Pi Calculus and ProVerif.Foundations and Trends in Privacy and Security11--2OCT 2016, 1--135
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• 7 inproceedingsV.Vincent Cheval, S.Steve Kremer and I.Itsaka Rakotonirina. DEEPSEC: Deciding Equivalence Properties in Security Protocols - Theory and Practice.39th IEEE Symposium on Security and PrivacySan Francisco, United StatesMay 2018
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• 8 inproceedingsA.Adrien Koutsos. The 5G-AKA Authentication Protocol Privacy.EuroS&P 2019 - IEEE European Symposium on Security and PrivacyStockholm, SwedenIEEEJune 2019, 464-479
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• 9 inproceedingsN.Nikhil Swamy, C.Cătălin Hriţcu, C.Chantal Keller, A.Aseem Rastogi, A.Antoine Delignat-Lavaud, S.Simon Forest, K.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, C.Cédric Fournet, P.-Y.Pierre-Yves Strub, M.Markulf Kohlweiss, J. K.Jean Karim Zinzindohoué and S.Santiago Zanella-Béguelin. Dependent Types and Multi-Monadic Effects in F*.43rd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL)ACMJanuary 2016, 256-270
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• 10 inproceedingsJ. K.Jean Karim Zinzindohoué, K.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, J.Jonathan Protzenko and B.Benjamin Beurdouche. HACL*: A Verified Modern Cryptographic Library.Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2017, Dallas, TX, USA, October 30 - November 03, 20172017, 1789--1806
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12.2 Publications of the year

12.3 Cited publications

• 37 articleM.Martín Abadi and B.Bruno Blanchet. Analyzing Security Protocols with Secrecy Types and Logic Programs.Journal of the ACM521January 2005, 102--146URL: http://prosecco.gforge.inria.fr/personal/bblanche/publications/AbadiBlanchetJACM7037.pdf
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• 38 articleM.Martín Abadi, B.Bruno Blanchet and C.Cédric Fournet. Just Fast Keying in the Pi Calculus.ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC)103July 2007, 1--59URL: http://prosecco.gforge.inria.fr/personal/bblanche/publications/AbadiBlanchetFournetTISSEC07.pdf
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• 39 inproceedingsC.Carmine Abate, A. A.Arthur Azevedo de Amorim, R.Roberto Blanco, A. N.Ana Nora Evans, G.Guglielmo Fachini, C.Cătălin Hriţcu, T.Théo Laurent, B. C.Benjamin C. Pierce, M.Marco Stronati and A.Andrew Tolmach. When Good Components Go Bad: Formally Secure Compilation Despite Dynamic Compromise.25th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)ACMOctober 2018, 1351--1368URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.00588
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• 40 inproceedingsC.Carmine Abate, R.Roberto Blanco, D.Deepak Garg, C.Cătălin Hriţcu, M.Marco Patrignani and J.Jérémy Thibault. Journey Beyond Full Abstraction: Exploring Robust Property Preservation for Secure Compilation.32nd IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium (CSF)IEEEJune 2019, 256-271URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.04603
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• 41 inproceedingsD.Danel Ahman, C.Cătălin Hriţcu, K.Kenji Maillard, G.Guido Mart\'inez, G.Gordon Plotkin, J.Jonathan Protzenko, A.Aseem Rastogi and N.Nikhil Swamy. Dijkstra Monads for Free.44th ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL)ACMJanuary 2017, 515-529URL: https://www.fstar-lang.org/papers/dm4free/
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• 42 inproceedingsA. A.Arthur Azevedo de Amorim, M.Maxime Dénès, N.Nick Giannarakis, C.Catalin Hritcu, B. C.Benjamin C. Pierce, A.Antal Spector-Zabusky and A.Andrew Tolmach. Micro-Policies: Formally Verified, Tag-Based Security Monitors.36th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (Oakland S&P)IEEE Computer SocietyMay 2015, 813--830URL: http://prosecco.gforge.inria.fr/personal/hritcu/publications/micro-policies.pdf
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• 43 inproceedingsD.David Baelde, S.Stéphanie Delaune, C.Charlie Jacomme, A.Adrien Koutsos and S.Solène Moreau. An Interactive Prover for Protocol Verification in the Computational Model.SP 2021 - 42nd IEEE Symposium on Security and PrivacyProceedings of the 42nd IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P'21)San Fransisco / Virtual, United StatesMay 2021
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• 44 unpublishedD.David Baelde, S.Stéphanie Delaune, C.Charlie Jacomme, A.Adrien Koutsos and S.Solène Moreau. Extending the SQUIRREL meta-logic for reasoning over security protocols.June 2021, LFMTP workshop
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• 45 conferenceG.Gergei Bana, P.Pedro Adaõ and H.Hideki Sakurada. Computationally Complete Symbolic Adversary and Computationally Sound Veri?cation of Security Protocols (in Japanese).Proceedings of The 30th Symposium on Cryptography and Information SecurityCD-ROM (4D1-3)Jan 2013
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• 46 inproceedingsG.Gergei Bana and H.Hubert Comon-Lundh. A Computationally Complete Symbolic Attacker for Equivalence Properties.ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS'14)New York, NY, USAACMNov 2014, 609--620
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• 47 inproceedingsG.Gilles Barthe, S.Sunjay Cauligi, B.Benjamin Grégoire, A.Adrien Koutsos, K.Kevin Liao, T.Tiago Oliveira, S.Swarn Priya, T.Tamara Rezk and P.Peter Schwabe. High-Assurance Cryptography in the Spectre Era.S&P 2021 - IEEE Symposium of Security and PrivacyVirtual, FranceMay 2021
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• 48 inproceedingsK.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, A.Abhishek Bichhawat, Q. H.Quoc Huy Do, P.Pedram Hosseyni, R.Ralf Küsters, G.Guido Schmitz and T.Tim Würtele. DY* : A Modular Symbolic Verification Framework for Executable Cryptographic Protocol Code.EuroS&P 2021 - 6th IEEE European Symposium on Security and PrivacyVirtual, AustriaSeptember 2021
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• 49 inproceedingsK.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, B.Bruno Blanchet and N.Nadim Kobeissi. Verified Models and Reference Implementations for the TLS 1.3 Standard Candidate.38th IEEE Symposium on Security and PrivacySan Jose, United StatesMay 2017, 483 - 502
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• 50 inproceedingsK.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, B.Barry Bond, A.Antoine Delignat-Lavaud, C.Cédric Fournet, C.Chris Hawblitzel, C.Cătălin Hriţcu, S.Samin Ishtiaq, M.Markulf Kohlweiss, R.Rustan Leino, J.Jay Lorch, K.Kenji Maillard, J.Jianyang Pan, B.Bryan Parno, J.Jonathan Protzenko, T.Tahina Ramananandro, A.Ashay Rane, A.Aseem Rastogi, N.Nikhil Swamy, L.Laure Thompson, P.Perry Wang, S.Santiago Zanella-Béguelin and J. K.Jean Karim Zinzindohoué. Everest: Towards a Verified, Drop-in Replacement of HTTPS.2nd Summit on Advances in Programming Languages (SNAPL)May 2017, URL: http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2017/7119/pdf/LIPIcs-SNAPL-2017-1.pdf
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• 51 inproceedingsK.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, A.Antoine Delignat-Lavaud, C.Cédric Fournet, M.Markulf Kohlweiss, J.Jianyang Pan, J.Jonathan Protzenko, A.Aseem Rastogi, N.Nikhil Swamy, S.Santiago Zanella-Béguelin and J. K.Jean Karim Zinzindohoué. Implementing and Proving the TLS 1.3 Record Layer.IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (Oakland)2017
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• 52 articleK.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, C.Cédric Fournet, R.Ricardo Corin and E.Eugen Zalinescu. Verified Cryptographic Implementations for TLS.ACM Transactions Inf. Syst. Secur.151March 2012, 3:1--3:32URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2133375.2133378
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• 53 inproceedingsK.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, C.Cédric Fournet, A. D.Andrew D. Gordon and N.Nikhil Swamy. Verified implementations of the information card federated identity-management protocol.ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security (ASIACCS)2008, 123-135
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• 54 articleB.Bruno Blanchet, M.Martín Abadi and C.Cédric Fournet. Automated Verification of Selected Equivalences for Security Protocols.Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming751feb # -- 2008, 3--51
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• 55 inproceedingsB.Bruno Blanchet. An Efficient Cryptographic Protocol Verifier Based on Prolog Rules.14th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Workshop (CSFW'01)2001, 82--96
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• 56 articleB.Bruno Blanchet. Automatic Verification of Correspondences for Security Protocols.Journal of Computer Security174July 2009, 363--434URL: http://prosecco.gforge.inria.fr/personal/bblanche/publications/BlanchetJCS08.pdf
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• 57 articleB.Bruno Blanchet and A.Andreas Podelski. Verification of Cryptographic Protocols: Tagging Enforces Termination.Theoretical Computer Science3331-2Special issue FoSSaCS'03.March 2005, 67--90URL: http://prosecco.gforge.inria.fr/personal/bblanche/publications/BlanchetPodelskiTCS04.html
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• 58 articleD.David Cadé and B.Bruno Blanchet. Proved Generation of Implementations from Computationally Secure Protocol Specifications.Journal of Computer Security2332015, 331--402
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• 59 inproceedingsA.Antoine Delignat-Lavaud, K.Karthikeyan Bhargavan and S.Sergio Maffeis. Language-Based Defenses Against Untrusted Browser Origins.Proceedings of the 22th USENIX Security Symposium2013, URL: http://prosecco.inria.fr/personal/karthik/pubs/language-based-defenses-against-untrusted-origins-sec13.pdf
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• 60 articleD.D. Dolev and A.A.C. Yao. On the security of public key protocols.IEEE Transactions on Information TheoryIT--2921983, 198--208
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• 61 inproceedingsC.Cédric Fournet, M.Markulf Kohlweiss and P.-Y.Pierre-Yves Strub. Modular Code-Based Cryptographic Verification.ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security2011
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• 62 articleA.Aymeric Fromherz, A.Aseem Rastogi, N.Nikhil Swamy, S.Sydney Gibson, G.Guido Mart\'inez, D.Denis Merigoux and T.Tahina Ramananandro. Steel: proof-oriented programming in a dependently typed concurrent separation logic.Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages5ICFPAugust 2021, 1-30
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• 63 articleS.Son Ho and J.Jonathan Protzenko. Aeneas: Rust verification by functional translation.Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages6ICFPAugust 2022, 711-741
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• 64 unpublishedL.Liane Huttner and D.Denis Merigoux. Catala: Moving Towards the Future of Legal Expert Systems.January 2022, working paper or preprint
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• 65 inproceedingsL.Liane Huttner and D.Denis Merigoux. Traduire la loi en code grâce au langage de programmation Catala.Intelligence artificielle et finances publiquesNice, FranceOctober 2020
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• 66 inproceedingsN.Nadim Kobeissi, K.Karthikeyan Bhargavan and B.Bruno Blanchet. Automated Verification for Secure Messaging Protocols and Their Implementations: A Symbolic and Computational Approach.2nd IEEE European Symposium on Security and PrivacyParis, FranceApril 2017, 435 - 450
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• 67 articleK.Kenji Maillard, D.Danel Ahman, R.Robert Atkey, G.Guido Martínez, C.Cătălin Hriţcu, E.Exequiel Rivas and É.Éric Tanter. Dijkstra Monads for All.PACMPL3ICFP2019, 104:1--104:29URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.01237
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• 68 articleD.Denis Merigoux, N.Nicolas Chataing and J.Jonathan Protzenko. Catala: A Programming Language for the Law.Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages5ICFPAugust 2021, 77:1-29
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• 69 inproceedingsD.Denis Merigoux, R.Raphaël Monat and C.Christophe Gaie. Étude formelle de l'implémentation du code des impôts.JFLA 2020 - 31ème Journées Francophones des Langages ApplicatifsGruissan, FranceJanuary 2020
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• 70 inproceedingsD.Denis Merigoux, R.Raphaël Monat and J.Jonathan Protzenko. A Modern Compiler for the French Tax Code.CC '21: 30th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Compiler ConstructionCC 2021: Proceedings of the 30th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Compiler ConstructionVirtual, South KoreaACMMarch 2021, 71-82
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• 71 articleR.R.M. Needham and M.M.D. Schroeder. Using encryption for authentication in large networks of computers.Communications of the ACM21121978, 993--999
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• 72 inproceedingsM.Marina Polubelova, K.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, J.Jonathan Protzenko, B.Benjamin Beurdouche, A.Aymeric Fromherz, N.Natalia Kulatova and S.Santiago Zanella-Béguelin. HACLxN: Verified Generic SIMD Crypto (for all your favourite platforms).CCS '20: 2020 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications SecurityVirtual Event, United StatesNovember 2020
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• 73 inproceedingsJ.Jonathan Protzenko, B.Bryan Parno, A.Aymeric Fromherz, C.Chris Hawblitzel, M.Marina Polubelova, K.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, B.Benjamin Beurdouche, J.Joonwon Choi, A.Antoine Delignat-Lavaud, C.Cedric Fournet, N.Natalia Kulatova, T.Tahina Ramananandro, A.Aseem Rastogi, N.Nikhil Swamy, C.Christoph Wintersteiger and S.Santiago Zanella-Béguelin. EverCrypt: A Fast, Verified, Cross-Platform Cryptographic Provider.SP 2020 - IEEE Symposium on Security and PrivacySan Francisco / Virtual, United StatesIEEEMay 2020, 983-1002
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• 74 articleJ.Jonathan Protzenko, J. K.Jean Karim Zinzindohoué, A.Aseem Rastogi, T.Tahina Ramananandro, P.Peng Wang, S.Santiago Zanella-Béguelin, A.Antoine Delignat-Lavaud, C.Cătălin Hriţcu, K.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, C.Cédric Fournet and N.Nikhil Swamy. Verified Low-Level Programming Embedded in F*.PACMPL1ICFPSeptember 2017, 17:1--17:29URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1703.00053
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• 75 inproceedingsT.Tahina Ramananandro, A.Antoine Delignat-Lavaud, C.Cédric Fournet, N.Nikhil Swamy, T.Tej Chajed, N.Nadim Kobeissi and J.Jonathan Protzenko. EverParse: Verified Secure Zero-Copy Parsers for Authenticated Message Formats.28th USENIX Security Symposium, USENIX Security 2019, Santa Clara, CA, USA, August 14-16, 2019USENIX Association2019, 1465--1482URL: https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity19/presentation/delignat-lavaud
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• 76 inproceedingsN.Nikhil Swamy, C.Cédric Fournet, A.Aseem Rastogi, K.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, J.Juan Chen, P.-Y.Pierre-Yves Strub and G. M.Gavin M. Bierman. Gradual typing embedded securely in JavaScript.41st ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL)2014, 425-438URL: http://prosecco.inria.fr/personal/karthik/pubs/tsstar-popl14.pdf
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• 77 inproceedingsN.Nikhil Swamy, C.Cătălin Hriţcu, C.Chantal Keller, A.Aseem Rastogi, A.Antoine Delignat-Lavaud, S.Simon Forest, K.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, C.Cédric Fournet, P.-Y.Pierre-Yves Strub, M.Markulf Kohlweiss, J. K.Jean Karim Zinzindohoué and S.Santiago Zanella-Béguelin. Dependent Types and Multi-Monadic Effects in F*.43rd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL)ACMJanuary 2016, 256-270URL: https://www.fstar-lang.org/papers/mumon/
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• 78 articleN.Nikhil Swamy, A.Aseem Rastogi, A.Aymeric Fromherz, D.Denis Merigoux, D.Danel Ahman and G.Guido Mart\'inez. SteelCore: an extensible concurrent separation logic for effectful dependently typed programs.Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages4ICFPAugust 2020, 1-30
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• 79 inproceedingsJ. K.Jean Karim Zinzindohoué, K.Karthikeyan Bhargavan, J.Jonathan Protzenko and B.Benjamin Beurdouche. HACL*: A Verified Modern Cryptographic Library.Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2017, Dallas, TX, USA, October 30 - November 03, 20172017, 1789--1806URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3133956.3134043
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